Display device

ABSTRACT

A protective circuit includes a non-linear element which includes a gate electrode, a gate insulating layer covering the gate electrode, a first oxide semiconductor layer overlapping with the gate electrode over the gate insulating layer, and a first wiring layer and a second wiring layer whose end portions overlap with the gate electrode over the first oxide semiconductor layer and in which a conductive layer and a second oxide semiconductor layer are stacked. Over the gate insulating layer, oxide semiconductor layers with different properties are bonded to each other, whereby stable operation can be performed as compared with Schottky junction. Thus, the junction leakage can be reduced and the characteristics of the non-linear element can be improved.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a display device including an oxidesemiconductor.

BACKGROUND ART

A thin film transistor formed over a flat plate such as a glasssubstrate is manufactured using amorphous silicon or polycrystallinesilicon, as typically seen in a liquid crystal display device. A thinfilm transistor manufactured using amorphous silicon has low fieldeffect mobility, but such a transistor can be formed over a glasssubstrate with a larger area. On the other hand, a thin film transistormanufactured using a crystalline silicon has high field effect mobility,but a crystallization step such as laser annealing is necessary and sucha transistor is not always suitable for a larger glass substrate.

In view of the foregoing, attention has been drawn to a technique bywhich a thin film transistor is manufactured using an oxidesemiconductor, and such a transistor is applied to an electronic deviceor an optical device. For example, Patent Document 1 and Patent Document2 disclose a technique by which a thin film transistor is manufacturedusing zinc oxide (ZnO) or an In—Ga—Zn—O based oxide semiconductor as anoxide semiconductor film and such a transistor is used as a switchingelement or the like of an image display device.

-   [Patent Document 1] Japanese Published Patent Application No.    2007-123861-   [Patent Document 2] Japanese Published Patent Application No.    2007-96055

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

A thin film transistor in which a channel formation region is formedusing an oxide semiconductor has characteristics as follows: theoperation speed is higher than that of a thin film transistor includingamorphous silicon and the manufacturing process is simpler than that ofa thin film transistor including polycrystalline silicon. That is, theuse of an oxide semiconductor makes it possible to manufacture a thinfilm transistor with high field effect mobility even at low temperaturesof 300° C. or lower.

In order to take advantage of such features of a display deviceincluding an oxide semiconductor, which is superior in operatingcharacteristics and capable of manufacture at low temperatures, aprotective circuit and the like including suitable structures arenecessary. Moreover, it is important to ensure the reliability of thedisplay device including an oxide semiconductor.

An object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide astructure which is suitable for a protective circuit.

In a display device intended for a variety of purposes manufactured bystacking, in addition to an oxide semiconductor, an insulating film anda conductive film, an object of one embodiment of the present inventionis to enhance the function of a protective circuit and stabilize theoperation.

One embodiment of the present invention is a display device in which aprotective circuit is formed using a non-linear element including anoxide semiconductor. This non-linear element includes a combination ofoxide semiconductors with different oxygen contents.

One illustrative embodiment of the present invention is a display devicewhich includes scan lines and signal lines provided over a substratehaving an insulating surface so as to intersect with each other, a pixelportion in which pixel electrodes are arranged in matrix, and anon-linear element formed from an oxide semiconductor in a regionoutside the pixel portion. The pixel portion includes a thin filmtransistor in which a channel formation region is formed in a firstoxide semiconductor layer. The thin film transistor in the pixel portionincludes a gate electrode connected to the scan line, a first wiringlayer which is connected to the signal line and which is in contact withthe first oxide semiconductor layer, and a second wiring layer which isconnected to the pixel electrode and which is in contact with the firstoxide semiconductor layer. Moreover, the non-linear element is providedbetween the pixel portion and a signal input terminal disposed at theperiphery of the substrate. The non-linear element includes the gateelectrode, a gate insulating layer covering the gate electrode, thefirst oxide semiconductor layer overlapping with the gate electrode overthe gate insulating layer, and a pair of the first wiring layer and thesecond wiring layer whose end portions overlap with the gate electrodeover the first oxide semiconductor layer and in which a conductive layerand a second oxide semiconductor layer are stacked. The gate electrodeof the non-linear element is connected to the scan line or the signalline and the first wiring layer or the second wiring layer of thenon-linear element is connected to the gate electrode via a third wiringlayer so that the potential of the gate electrode is applied to thefirst wiring layer or the second wiring layer.

One illustrative embodiment of the present invention is a display devicewhich includes scan lines and signal lines provided over a substratehaving an insulating surface so as to intersect with each other, a pixelportion including pixel electrodes arranged in matrix, and a protectivecircuit in a region outside the pixel portion. The pixel portionincludes a thin film transistor in which a channel formation region isformed in a first oxide semiconductor. The thin film transistor in thepixel portion includes a gate electrode connected to the scan line, afirst wiring layer which is connected to the signal line and which is incontact with the first oxide semiconductor layer, and a second wiringlayer which is connected to the pixel electrode and which is in contactwith the first oxide semiconductor layer. In the region outside thepixel portion, a protective circuit for connecting the scan line and acommon wiring to each other and a protective circuit for connecting thesignal line and a common wiring to each other are provided. Theprotective circuit includes a non-linear element which includes the gateelectrode, a gate insulating layer covering the gate electrode, thefirst oxide semiconductor layer overlapping with the gate electrode overthe gate insulating layer, and a pair of a first wiring layer and asecond wiring layer whose end portions overlap with the gate electrodeover the first oxide semiconductor layer and in which a conductive layerand a second oxide semiconductor layer are stacked. Moreover, the firstwiring layer or the second wiring layer of the non-linear element isconnected to the gate electrode via a third wiring layer.

Here, the first oxide semiconductor layer includes oxygen at higherconcentration than the second oxide semiconductor layer. That is, thefirst oxide semiconductor layer is oxygen-excess type, while the secondoxide semiconductor layer is oxygen-deficiency type. The first oxidesemiconductor layer has lower electrical conductivity than the secondoxide semiconductor layer. The first oxide semiconductor layer and thesecond oxide semiconductor layer have non-single-crystal structures, andinclude at least an amorphous component. In addition, the second oxidesemiconductor layer includes a nanocrystal in an amorphous structure insome cases.

Note that the ordinal numbers such as “first” and “second” in thisspecification are used for convenience and do not denote the order ofsteps and the stacking order of layers. In addition, the ordinal numbersin this specification do not denote particular names which specify theinvention.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, a display devicehaving a structure suitable for a protective circuit can be provided byforming the protective circuit with use of a non-linear elementincluding an oxide semiconductor. In the connection structure betweenthe first oxide semiconductor layer of the non-linear element and thewiring layers, the provision of the region which is bonded with thesecond oxide semiconductor layer, which has higher electricalconductivity than the first oxide semiconductor layer, allows stableoperation as compared with a case of using only metal wirings.Accordingly, the function of the protective circuit is enhanced and theoperation can be made stable.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates a positional relationship between a pixel portion andprotective circuits including signal input terminals, scan lines, signallines, and non-linear elements in a display device;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a protective circuit;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a protective circuit;

FIGS. 4A and 4B are plan views illustrating an example of a protectivecircuit;

FIGS. 5A and 5B are cross-sectional views illustrating an example of aprotective circuit;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are plan views illustrating an example of a protectivecircuit;

FIGS. 7A and 7B are plan views illustrating an example of a protectivecircuit;

FIGS. 8A to 8C are cross-sectional views illustrating a process formanufacturing a protective circuit;

FIGS. 9A to 9C are cross-sectional views illustrating a process formanufacturing a protective circuit;

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of electronic paper;

FIGS. 11A and 11B are each a block diagram of a semiconductor device;

FIG. 12 illustrates a structure of a signal line driver circuit;

FIG. 13 is a timing chart of operation of a signal line driver circuit;

FIG. 14 is a timing chart of operation of a signal line driver circuit;

FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a structure of a shift register;

FIG. 16 illustrates a connection structure of a flip-flop of FIG. 14;

FIGS. 17A-1 and 17A-2 are top views and FIG. 17B is a cross-sectionalview, which illustrate a semiconductor device of Embodiment 6;

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor device ofEmbodiment 6;

FIG. 19 illustrates an equivalent circuit of a pixel in a semiconductordevice of Embodiment 7;

FIGS. 20A to 20C each illustrate a semiconductor device of Embodiment 7;

FIG. 21A is a top view and FIG. 21B is a cross-sectional view, bothdescribing a semiconductor device of Embodiment 7;

FIGS. 22A and 22B illustrate examples of applications of electronicpaper;

FIG. 23 is an external view illustrating an example of an electronicbook device;

FIG. 24A is an external view of an example of a television set and FIG.24B is an external view of an example of a digital photo frame;

FIGS. 25A and 25B are external views illustrating examples of gamemachines;

FIG. 26 is an external view illustrating an example of a mobile phone;and

FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of aprotective circuit.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention are described belowwith reference to the drawings. The present invention is not limited tothe description below and it is easily understood by those skilled inthe art that the mode and details can be changed variously withoutdeparting from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Therefore,the present invention should not be interpreted as being limited todescription in the embodiments below. Note that a reference numeraldenoting the same portion in all figures is used in common in thestructures of the present invention which is explained below.

Embodiment 1

In Embodiment 1, an example of a display device including a pixelportion and a protective circuit including a non-linear element providedaround the pixel portion is described with reference to drawings.

FIG. 1 illustrates a positional relationship between a pixel portion andprotective circuits including signal input terminals, scan lines, signallines, and non-linear elements in a display device. Over a substrate 10having an insulating surface, scan lines 13 and signal lines 14intersect with each other to form a pixel portion 17.

The pixel portion 17 includes a plurality of pixels 18 arranged inmatrix. The pixel 18 includes a pixel transistor 19 connected to thescan line 13 and the signal line 14, a storage capacitor portion 20, anda pixel electrode 21.

In the pixel structure illustrated here, one electrode of the storagecapacitor portion 20 is connected to the pixel transistor 19 and theother electrode is connected to a capacitor line 22. Moreover, the pixelelectrode 21 forms one electrode which drives a display element (such asa liquid crystal element, a light-emitting element, or a contrast medium(electronic ink)). The other electrode of such a display element isconnected to a common terminal 23.

A protective circuit is provided between the pixel portion 17, and aterminal 11 and a terminal 12. In Embodiment 1, a plurality ofprotective circuits are provided. Therefore, even though surge voltagedue to static electricity and the like is applied to the scan line 13,the signal line 14, and a capacitor bus line 27, the pixel transistor 19and the like are not broken. Accordingly, the protective circuit has astructure for releasing charge to a common wiring 29 or a common wiring28 when surge voltage is applied to the protective circuit.

In Embodiment 1, a protective circuit 24 is provided on the scan line 13side, a protective circuit 25 is provided on the signal line 14 side,and a protective circuit 26 is provided on the capacitor bus line 27.Needless to say, the structures of the protective circuits are notlimited to those above.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of the protective circuit. This protectivecircuit includes a non-linear element 30 and a non-linear element 31which are arranged in parallel with respect to the scan line 13. Each ofthe non-linear element 30 and the non-linear element 31 includes atwo-terminal element such as a diode or a three-terminal element such asa transistor. For example, the non-linear element can be formed throughthe same steps as the pixel transistor of the pixel portion. Forexample, characteristics similar to those of a diode can be achieved byconnecting a gate terminal to a drain terminal of the non-linearelement.

A first terminal (gate) and a third terminal (drain) of the non-linearelement 30 are connected to the scan line 13, and a second terminal(source) thereof is connected to the common wiring 29. A first terminal(gate) and a third terminal (drain) of the non-linear element 31 areconnected to the common wiring 29, and a second terminal (source)thereof is connected to the scan line 13. That is, the protectivecircuit illustrated in FIG. 2 includes two transistors whose rectifyingdirections are opposite to each other and which connect the scan line 13and the common wiring 29 to each other. In other words, between the scanline 13 and the common wiring 29 exist the transistor whose rectifyingdirection is from the scan line 13 to the common wiring 29 and thetransistor whose rectifying direction is from the common wiring 29 tothe scan line 13.

In the protective circuit illustrated in FIG. 2, in a case where thescan line 13 is charged positively or negatively with respect to thecommon wiring 29 due to static electricity or the like, current flows ina direction that cancels the charge. For example, if the scan line 13 ispositively charged, current flows in a direction in which the positivecharge is released to the common wiring 29. Owing to this operation, theelectrostatic breakdown or the shift in threshold voltage of the pixeltransistor 19 connected to the charged scan line 13 can be prevented.Moreover, it is possible to prevent dielectric breakdown of theinsulating film between the charged scan line 13 and another wiring thatintersects with the charged scan line 13 with an insulating layertherebetween.

Note that in FIG. 2, a pair of the non-linear element 30 whose firstterminal (gate) is connected to the scan line 13 and the non-linearelement 31 whose first terminal (gate) is connected to the common wiring29 is used; that is, the rectifying directions of the non-linear element30 and the non-linear element 31 are opposite to each other. The commonwiring 29 and the scan line 13 are connected via the second terminal(source) and the third terminal (drain) of each non-linear element; thatis, the non-linear element 30 and the non-linear element 31 are inparallel. As another structure, a non-linear element may be furtheradded in parallel connection, so that the operation stability of theprotective circuit may be enhanced. For example, FIG. 3 illustrates aprotective circuit including a non-linear element 30 a and a non-linearelement 30 b, and a non-linear element 31 a and a non-linear element 31b, which is provided between the scan line 13 and the common wiring 29.This protective circuit includes four non-linear elements in total: twonon-linear elements (30 b and 31 b), a first terminal (gate) of each ofwhich is connected to the common wiring 29 and two non-linear elements(30 a and 31 a), a first terminal (gate) of each of which is connectedto the scan line 13. That is to say, two pairs of non-linear elementsare connected between the common wiring 29 and the scan line 13, eachpair including two non-linear elements provided so that their rectifyingdirections are opposite to each other. In other words, between the scanline 13 and the common wiring 29, there are two transistors therectifying direction of each of which is from the scan line 13 to thecommon wiring 29 and two transistors the rectifying direction of each ofwhich is from the common wiring 29 to the scan line 13. When the commonwiring 29 and the scan line 13 are connected to each other with the fournon-linear elements in this manner, it is possible to prevent, even ifsurge voltage is applied to the scan line 13 and moreover even if thecommon wiring 29 is charged by static electricity or the like, thecharge from directly flowing through the scan line 13. Note that FIG. 6Aillustrates an example in which four non-linear elements 740 a, 740 b,740 c and 740 d are provided over a substrate and FIG. 6B is anequivalent circuit diagram thereof. Here, reference numerals 650 and 651show a scan line and common wiring, respectively.

FIG. 7A illustrates an example of a protective circuit which is formedusing an odd number of non-linear elements over a substrate, and FIG. 7Bis an equivalent circuit diagram thereof. In this circuit, a non-linearelement 730 b and a non-linear element 730 a are connected to anon-linear element 730 c as switching elements. By the serial connectionof the non-linear elements in this manner, instantaneous load applied tothe non-linear elements of the protective circuit can be deconcentrated.Here, reference numerals 650 and 651 show a scan line and common wiring,respectively.

FIG. 2 illustrates the protective circuit which is provided on the scanline 13 side; however, a protective circuit with a similar structure canbe provided on the signal line 14 side.

FIG. 4A is a plan view illustrating an example of a protective circuitand FIG. 4B is an equivalent circuit diagram thereof. FIGS. 5A and 5Bare cross-sectional views taken along line Q1-Q2 of FIG. 4A. A structureexample of the protective circuit is described below with reference toFIGS. 4A and 4B and FIGS. 5A and 5B.

The non-linear element 170 a and the non-linear element 170 b include agate electrode 101 and a gate electrode 16, respectively, which areformed using the same layer as the scan line 13. A gate insulating layer102 is formed over the gate electrode 101 and the gate electrode 16. Afirst oxide semiconductor layer 103 is formed over the gate insulatinglayer 102, and a first wiring layer 38 and a second wiring layer 39 areprovided so as to face with each other over the gate electrode 101. Thegate insulating layer 102 is formed of an oxide such as silicon oxide oraluminum oxide. Note that the non-linear element 170 a and thenon-linear element 170 b have the same structure in the main portion.

The first oxide semiconductor layer 103 is provided so as to cover thegate electrode 101 with the gate insulating film therebetween, below thefirst wiring layer 38 and the second wiring layer 39 which are opposedto each other. That is, the first oxide semiconductor layer 103 isprovided so as to overlap with the gate electrode 101 and be in contactwith a top face of the gate insulating layer 102, and bottom faces ofsecond oxide semiconductor layers 104 a and 104 b. Here, the firstwiring layer 38 has a structure in which the second oxide semiconductorlayer 104 a and the conductive layer 105 a are stacked in that orderfrom the first oxide semiconductor layer 103 side and the second wiringlayer 39 has a structure in which the second oxide semiconductor layer104 b and the conductive layer 105 b are stacked in that order from thefirst oxide semiconductor layer 103 side.

The first oxide semiconductor layer 103 has higher oxygen concentrationthan the second oxide semiconductor layers (104 a and 104 b). In otherwords, the first oxide semiconductor layer 103 is oxygen-excess type,while the second oxide semiconductor layers (104 a and 104 b) areoxygen-deficiency type. Since the donor-type defects can be reduced byincreasing the oxygen concentration of the first oxide semiconductorlayer 103, there are advantageous effects of longer carrier lifetime andhigher mobility. On the other hand, when the oxygen concentration of thesecond oxide semiconductor layers (104 a and 104 b) is made lower thanthat of the first oxide semiconductor layer 103, the carrierconcentration can be increased and the second oxide semiconductor layers(104 a and 104 b) can be utilized for forming a source region and adrain region.

As for the structure of the oxide semiconductor, the first oxidesemiconductor layer 103 is a non-single-crystal oxide semiconductorlayer including In, Ga, Zn and O, and has at least an amorphouscomponent and the second oxide semiconductor layers (104 a and 104 b)are each a non-single-crystal oxide semiconductor layer including In,Ga, Zn and O, and include a nanocrystal in an non-single-crystalstructure in some cases. Then, the first oxide semiconductor layer 103has characteristics that the electrical conductivity thereof is lowerthan that of the second oxide semiconductor layers (104 a and 104 b).Therefore, the second oxide semiconductor layers (104 a and 104 b) inthe non-linear element 170 a and the non-linear element 170 b ofEmbodiment 1 can have functions similar to those of a source region anda drain region of a transistor. The second oxide semiconductor layer 104a serving as a source region and the second oxide semiconductor layer104 b serving as a drain region have n-type conductivity and theactivation energy (ΔE) of from 0.01 eV to 0.1 eV, and the second oxidesemiconductor layers (104 a and 104 b) can also be called n⁺ regions.

The first oxide semiconductor layer 103 and the second oxidesemiconductor layers (104 a and 104 b) are formed from zinc oxide (ZnO)typically, or an oxide semiconductor including In, Ga, and Zn.

The second oxide semiconductor layers (104 a and 104 b) are provided incontact with and between the first oxide semiconductor layer 103 and theconductive layers (105 a and 105 b), and junction of the oxidesemiconductor layers which have different properties is obtained. Byprovision of the second oxide semiconductor layers (104 a and 104 b)having higher electrical conductivity than the first oxide semiconductorlayer 103, between the first oxide semiconductor layer and theconductive layers, stable operation becomes possible as compared withSchottky junction formed in the case where the first oxide semiconductorlayer and the conductive layers are in direct contact with each other.That is, the thermal stability is increased, so that the stableoperation becomes possible. Accordingly, the function of the protectivecircuit is enhanced and stable operation can be achieved. Moreover, thejunction leakage can be reduced and the characteristics of thenon-linear element 170 a and the non-linear element 170 b can beimproved.

A protective insulating film 107 is provided over the first oxidesemiconductor layer 103. The protective insulating film 107 is formed ofan oxide such as silicon oxide or aluminum oxide. Further, by stackingsilicon nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon oxynitride, or aluminumoxynitride over silicon oxide or aluminum oxide, the function as theprotective film can be enhanced.

In any case, when the protective insulating film 107 being in contactwith the first oxide semiconductor layer 103 is an oxide, it is possibleto prevent oxygen from being extracted from the first oxidesemiconductor layer 103 and prevent the first oxide semiconductor layer103 from changing into an oxygen-deficiency type. Moreover, by thestructure where the first oxide semiconductor layer 103 is not in directcontact with an insulating layer including nitride, it is possible toprevent hydrogen in the nitride from diffusing and causing defects inthe first oxide semiconductor layer 103 due to a hydroxyl group or thelike.

The protective insulating film 107 is provided with contact holes 125and 128 where the scan line 13 formed using the same layer as the gateelectrode 101 is connected to a third terminal (drain) of the non-linearelement 170 a. This connection is made by a third wiring layer 110formed from the same material as the pixel electrode of the pixelportion. The third wiring layer 110 is formed from a material which isused for forming a transparent conductive film, for example, from indiumtin oxide (ITO), zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO₂), or the like. Thus,the third wiring layer 110 has higher resistance than a wiring formedfrom a metal material. When the protective circuit includes the wiringsincluding such a resistant component, it is possible to prevent anexcessive amount of current from flowing through the non-linear element170 a from being destroyed.

Although FIGS. 4A and 4B and FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate the example ofthe protective circuit provided for the scan line 13, a similarprotective circuit can be applied to a signal line, a capacitor busline, or the like.

According to Embodiment 1, by the provision of the protective circuitincluding the oxide semiconductor in this manner, a display devicehaving a structure which is suitable for a protective circuit can beprovided. Thus, the function of the protective circuit can be enhancedand the operation can be stabilized.

Embodiment 2

In Embodiment 2, an embodiment of a process for manufacturing a displaydevice in which the pixel portion and a protective circuit includingnon-linear elements around the pixel portion illustrated in FIG. 4A ofEmbodiment 1 are formed is described with reference to FIGS. 8A to 8Cand FIGS. 9A to 9C. FIGS. 8A to 8C and FIGS. 9A to 9C arecross-sectional views taken along line Q1-Q2 of FIG. 4A.

In FIG. 8A, a glass substrate of barium borosilicate glass,aluminoborosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, or the like availablein the market can be used as the substrate 100 having alight-transmitting property. For example, a glass substrate whichincludes more barium oxide (BaO) than boric acid (B₂O₃) in compositionratio and whose strain point is 730° C. or higher is preferable. This isbecause the glass substrate is not strained even when the oxidesemiconductor layer is thermally processed at high temperatures of about700° C.

Next, a conductive layer is formed entirely over the substrate 100.After that, a resist mask is formed by a first photolithography process,and an unnecessary portion is removed by etching to form wirings and anelectrode (such as a gate wiring including a gate electrode 101, acapacitor wiring, and a terminal). At this time, the etching isperformed so that at least an end portion of the gate electrode 101 istapered.

The gate wiring including the gate electrode 101, the capacitor wiring,and the terminal of a terminal portion are desirably formed from alow-resistance conductive material such as aluminum (Al) or copper (Cu);however, since aluminum itself has disadvantages such as low heatresistance and a tendency to be corroded, it is used in combination witha conductive material having heat resistance. As a conductive materialhaving heat resistance, an element selected from titanium (Ti), tantalum(Ta), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), neodymium (Nd), orscandium (Sc), or an alloy including any of the elements, an alloy filmincluding a combination of such elements, or a nitride film includingany of the elements can be used.

Subsequently, a gate insulating layer 102 is formed entirely over thegate electrode 101. The gate insulating layer 102 is formed by asputtering method or the like to a thickness of 50 nm to 250 nm.

For example, a silicon oxide film is formed by a sputtering method to athickness of 100 nm as the gate insulating layer 102. Needless to say,the gate insulating layer 102 is not limited to such a silicon oxidefilm and may be a single layer or a stack of layers including anotherinsulating film, such as a silicon oxynitride film, a silicon nitridefilm, an aluminum oxide film, or a tantalum oxide film.

Next, plasma treatment is performed on the gate insulating layer 102prior to formation of the first oxide semiconductor layer. Here, reversesputtering where plasma is generated by introduction of an oxygen gasand an argon gas into a deposition chamber is performed, so that thegate insulating layer is subjected to treatment using oxygen radicals oroxygen. Thus, dust adhering to the surface is removed and moreover thesurface of the gate insulating layer is modified into an oxygen-excessregion. It is effective to perform the oxygen radical treatment on thesurface of the gate insulating layer so that the surface is made into anoxygen-excess region, because an oxygen supply source for modifying theinterface between the gate insulating layer and the first oxidesemiconductor layer is made in thermal treatment (200° C. to 600° C.)for increasing the reliability in a later step.

The gate insulating layer, the first oxide semiconductor layer, and thesecond oxide semiconductor layer can be formed by a sputtering methodsuccessively without exposure to air by changing the gas introduced tothe chamber and the target set in the chamber as appropriate. Thesuccessive film formation without exposure to air can prevent impuritymixture. In the case of successive film formation without exposure toair, a manufacturing apparatus of multichamber type is preferable.

In particular, it is preferable to successively form the gate insulatinglayer 102 in contact with the first oxide semiconductor layer and thefirst oxide semiconductor layer. By the successive film formation likethis, an interface between stacked layers can be formed without beingcontaminated by an atmospheric constituent such as moisture or acontaminant impurity element or dust existing in the atmosphere. Thus,variations in characteristics of the non-linear elements and thin filmtransistors can be reduced.

Note that the term “successive film formation” in this specificationmeans that during a series of steps of from a first film-formation stepby sputtering to a second film-formation step by sputtering, anatmosphere in which a substrate to be processed is disposed is notcontaminated by a contaminant atmosphere such as air, and is constantlycontrolled to be vacuum or an inert gas atmosphere (a nitrogenatmosphere or a rare gas atmosphere). By the successive film formation,film formation can be conducted to a substrate which has been cleaned,without re-attachment of moisture or the like.

Next, the first oxide semiconductor layer is formed in such a mannerthat the substrate on which the plasma treatment has been performed isnot exposed to air. The first oxide semiconductor layer formed in such amanner that the substrate on which the plasma treatment has beenperformed is not exposed to air can avoid the trouble that dust ormoisture adheres to the interface between the gate insulating layer andthe semiconductor film. Here, the first oxide semiconductor layer isformed in an oxygen atmosphere under the condition where the target isan oxide semiconductor target including In, Ga, and Zn (compositionratio is In₂O₃:Ga₂O₃:ZnO=1:1:1) with a diameter of 8 inches, thedistance between the substrate and the target is set at 170 mm, thepressure is set at 0.4 Pa, and the direct current (DC) power supply isset at 0.5 kW. Note that a pulse direct current (DC) power supply ispreferable because dust can be reduced and the film thickness can beuniform. The thickness of the first oxide semiconductor layer is set to5 nm to 200 nm. The thickness of the first oxide semiconductor layer inEmbodiment 2 is 100 nm

When the first oxide semiconductor layer is formed under the differentcondition from the second oxide semiconductor layer, the first oxidesemiconductor layer has different composition from the second oxidesemiconductor layer; for example, the first oxide semiconductor layerincludes more oxygen than the second oxide semiconductor layer. In thiscase, for example, as compared with the oxygen gas flow rate and theargon gas flow rate in the deposition condition of the second oxidesemiconductor layer, the oxygen gas flow rate in the depositioncondition of the first oxide semiconductor layer is increased.Specifically, the second oxide semiconductor layer is formed in a raregas (such as argon or helium) atmosphere (or a gas including oxygen at10% or less and argon at 90% or more), while the first oxidesemiconductor layer is formed in an oxygen atmosphere (or a mixed gas ofoxygen and argon with the flow rate of oxygen being more than that ofargon, and the oxygen gas flow rate:the argon gas flow rate=1:1 ormore). When the first oxide semiconductor layer includes more oxygenthan the second oxide semiconductor layer, the first oxide semiconductorlayer can have lower electrical conductivity than the second oxidesemiconductor layer. Moreover, when the first oxide semiconductor layerincludes a large amount of oxygen, the amount of off current can bereduced; therefore, a thin film transistor with a high on/off ratio canbe provided.

The first oxide semiconductor layer may be formed in the same chamber asthe chamber where the reverse sputtering is performed previously, or maybe formed in a different chamber from the chamber where the reversesputtering is performed previously as long as the film formation can beperformed without exposure to air.

Next, a second oxide semiconductor layer is formed over the first oxidesemiconductor layer by a sputtering method. Here, sputtering depositionis performed under the condition where a target includes indium oxide(In₂O₃), gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃), and zinc oxide (ZnO) at a compositionratio of 1:1:1 (═In₂O₃:Ga₂O₃:ZnO), the distance between the target andthe substrate is 170 mm, the pressure in a deposition chamber is set at0.4 Pa, the DC electric power is set at 0.5 kW, the depositiontemperature is set to room temperature, and the argon gas flow rate isset at 40 sccm. Thus, a semiconductor film including In, Ga, Zn, andoxygen as components is formed as the second oxide semiconductor layer.Although the target where the composition ratio is In₂O₃:Ga₂O₃:ZnO=1:1:1is used intentionally, an oxide semiconductor film including a crystalgrain which has a size of 1 nm to 10 nm just after the film formation isoften obtained. It can be said that the presence or absence of crystalgrains and the density of crystal grains can be controlled and thediameter of the crystal grain can be adjusted within 1 nm to 10 nm, allby adjusting as appropriate, the deposition condition of reactivesputtering, such as the target composition ratio, the depositionpressure (0.1 Pa to 2.0 Pa), the electric power (250 W to 3000 W: 8inchesϕ), the temperature (room temperature to 100° C.), and the like.The thickness of the second oxide semiconductor layer is set to 5 nm to20 nm Needless to say, in the case where the film includes crystalgrains, the size of the crystal grain does not exceed the filmthickness. In Embodiment 2, the second oxide semiconductor layer has athickness of 5 nm.

Next, a second photolithography process is performed to form a resistmask, and the first oxide semiconductor layer and the second oxidesemiconductor layer are etched. Here, wet etching is performed usingITO07N (product of Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) to remove an unnecessaryportion; thus, a first oxide semiconductor layer 103 and a second oxidesemiconductor layer 111 are formed. Note that the etching here may bedry etching, without being limited to wet etching. The cross-section atthis phase is illustrated in FIG. 8B.

Next, a conductive film 132 is formed from a metal material over thesecond oxide semiconductor layer 111 and the gate insulating layer 102by a sputtering method or a vacuum evaporation method. As the materialof the conductive film 132, there are an element selected from Al, Cr,Ta, Ti, Mo, and W, an alloy including the above element, an alloy filmin which some of the above elements are combined, and the like.

When heat treatment is conducted at 200° C. to 600° C., the conductivefilm preferably has heat resistant property so as to endure this heattreatment. Since aluminum itself has disadvantages such as low heatresistance and a tendency to be corroded, it is used in combination witha conductive material having heat resistance. As a conductive materialhaving heat resistance, which can be used in combination with Al, anelement selected from titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W),molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), neodymium (Nd), or scandium (Sc), or analloy including any of the elements, an alloy film including acombination of such elements, or a nitride film including any of theelements can be used.

In this embodiment, the conductive film 132 has a three-layer structurein which a Ti film is formed, an aluminum film including Nd (Al—Nd) isstacked over the Ti film, and another Ti film is stacked thereover.Alternatively, the conductive film 132 may have a two-layer structure inwhich a Ti film is stacked over an Al film. Further alternatively, theconductive film 132 may have a single-layer structure of an aluminumfilm including silicon or a titanium film. The cross section at thisphase is illustrated in FIG. 8C.

Next, a third photolithography process is performed to form a resistmask 131, and an unnecessary part of the conductive film 132 is removedby etching. Thus, conductive layers 105 a and 105 b are formed (FIG.9A). At this time, dry etching or wet etching can be used as theetching. Here, dry etching is employed using a mixed gas of SiCl₄, Cl₂,and BCl₃ to etch the conductive film in which the Ti film, the aluminumfilm including Nd (Al—Nd) and the Ti film are stacked. In this manner,the conductive layers 105 a and 105 b are formed.

Next, the second oxide semiconductor layer is etched using the same maskas that used for the etching the conductive film 132. Here, wet etchingis performed using ITO07N (product of Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) toremove an unnecessary portion; thus, second oxide semiconductor layers104 a and 104 b are formed. Note that the etching at this time may bedry etching, without being limited to wet etching. In addition, althoughdepending on the etching conditions, an exposed region of the firstoxide semiconductor layer 103 is also etched in the etching process ofthe second oxide semiconductor layer 111. Thus, a channel formationregion of the first oxide semiconductor layer 103 between the secondoxide semiconductor layers 104 a and 104 b is a region with a smallthickness as illustrated in FIG. 9A.

Further, the first oxide semiconductor layer 103 may be subjected tooxygen plasma treatment. By the plasma treatment, damages by etching ofthe first oxide semiconductor layer 103 can be repaired. In typicaloxygen plasma treatment, the surface of an oxide semiconductor isprocessed by radicals generated from an oxygen gas by glow dischargeplasma. However, as a gas from which plasma is generated, a mixed gas ofan oxygen gas and a rare gas may be used, as well as oxygen.

Next, thermal treatment at 200° C. to 600° C., typically 300° C. to 500°C., is preferably performed. In this case, thermal treatment isperformed in a furnace at 350° C. for an hour in a nitrogen atmosphere.This thermal treatment allows atoms of the semiconductor layersincluding In, Ga, and Zn to be rearranged. Since the distortion thatinterrupts carrier movement is released by this thermal treatment, thethermal treatment at this time (including photo-annealing) is important.There is no particular limitation on when to perform the thermaltreatment as long as it is performed after the formation of the firstoxide semiconductor layer; for example, it is performed after theformation of the protective film. Through these steps, the non-linearelement 170 a in which the first oxide semiconductor layer 103 is achannel formation region is completed. A cross-sectional view at thisphase is illustrated in FIG. 9A.

Next, the resist mask is removed, and a protective insulating film 107covering the semiconductor layers including In, Ga and Zn is formed. Theprotective insulating film 107 can be formed using a silicon nitridefilm, a silicon oxide film, a silicon oxynitride film, an aluminum oxidefilm, a tantalum oxide film, or the like by a sputtering method or thelike.

Next, a fourth photolithography process is performed to form a resistmask, and the protective insulating film 107 is etched. Thus, a contacthole 125 that reaches the conductive layer 105 b is formed. In order toreduce the number of masks used, it is preferable to etch the gateinsulating layer 102 by using the same resist mask so as to form acontact hole 128 that reaches the gate electrode. A cross-sectional viewat this phase is illustrated in FIG. 9B.

Then, the resist mask is removed, and then a transparent conductive filmis formed. As a material for the transparent conductive film, indiumoxide (In₂O₃), indium oxide-tin oxide alloy (In₂O₃—SnO₂, abbreviated toITO), or the like can be given, and it can be formed by a sputteringmethod, a vacuum evaporation method, or the like.

Etching treatment of such materials is performed using a chlorinatedacid based solution. However, since etching of ITO particularly tends toleave residue, an alloy of indium oxide and zinc oxide (In₂O₃—ZnO) maybe used in order to improve etching processability.

Next, a fifth photolithography process is performed to form a resistmask, and an unnecessary portion of the transparent conductive film isremoved. Thus, a pixel electrode is formed, which is not illustrated.

Moreover, in this fifth photolithography process, a capacitor wiring andthe pixel electrode together form a storage capacitor in a capacitorportion, which is not illustrated, by using the gate insulating layer102 and the protective insulating film 107 as dielectrics.

Moreover, in this fifth photolithography process, the resist mask coversa terminal portion, so that the transparent conductive film formed inthe terminal portion is left. The transparent conductive film serves asan electrode or a wiring used for connection with an FPC, a terminalelectrode for connection which functions as an input terminal of asource wiring, or the like.

Moreover, in Embodiment 2, the conductive layer 105 b serving as a drainelectrode layer of the non-linear element 170 a is connected to the scanline 108 via the third wiring layer 110 formed using the transparentconductive film through the contact holes 125 and 126, and thereby theprotective circuit is formed.

Then, the resist mask is removed. A cross-sectional view at this phaseis illustrated in FIG. 9C.

Through the five photolithography processes performed in the abovemanner, the protective circuit having the plurality of non-linearelements (in Embodiment 2, the two non-linear elements 170 a and 170 b)can be completed by using the five photomasks. In the connectionstructure between the first oxide semiconductor layer of the non-linearelement and the wiring layers, the provision of the region which isbonded with the second oxide semiconductor layer, which has higherelectrical conductivity than the first oxide semiconductor layer, allowsstable operation as compared with a case of using only metal wirings.According to Embodiment 2, a plurality of TFTs can be completed togetherwith a non-linear element by a similar method together with thenon-linear elements. Therefore, a pixel portion including bottom-gaten-channel TFTs and a protective circuit can be manufactured at the sametime. In other words, an active matrix display device substrate, onwhich a protective diode which has fewer defects due to film peeling, ismounted, can be manufactured in accordance with the steps described inEmbodiment 2.

Embodiment 3

In Embodiment 3, an example of a display device including a pixelportion and a protective circuit including a non-linear element providedaround the pixel portion, which is different from that of Embodiment 2,will now be described with reference to FIG. 27.

FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view of a display device in which a thinfilm transistor arranged in a pixel portion and a protective circuitincluding a non-linear element are formed over the same substrate. In anon-linear element 270 a, conductive layers (105 a and 105 b) serving asa source electrode and a drain electrode are provided in contact withthe first oxide semiconductor layer 103.

In the non-linear element 270 a, the conductive layer 105 a and theconductive layer 105 b are preferably in contact with the first oxidesemiconductor layer 103 which is modified by plasma treatment. InEmbodiment 3, the first oxide semiconductor layer 103 is subjected toplasma treatment before formation of the conductive layers.

As the plasma treatment, for example, reverse sputtering can beconducted. The plasma treatment can be conducted by using an argon gas,a hydrogen gas, or a mixed gas of argon and hydrogen. Further, an oxygengas may be contained in such a gas. Alternatively, another rare gas maybe used, instead of the argon gas.

The conductive layer is etched to form the conductive layers (105 a and105 b) serving as a source electrode and a drain electrode. InEmbodiment 3, a titanium film is wet-etched by an ammonium hydrogenperoxide mixture (hydrogen peroxide:ammonia:water=5:2:2) or the like toform the conductive layers (105 a and 105 b) serving as a sourceelectrode and a drain electrode. In this etching step, part of anexposed region of the first oxide semiconductor layer including In, Gaand Zn is etched. Thus, a region sandwiched between the conductive layer105 a and the conductive layer 105 b, that is, a channel formationregion of the first oxide semiconductor layer 103 has a small thicknessas illustrated in FIG. 27.

By formation of the conductive layers (105 a and 105 b) serving as asource electrode and a drain electrode in contact with the first oxidesemiconductor layer 103 modified by the plasma treatment, contactresistance between the first oxide semiconductor layer 103 and theconductive layers (105 a and 105 b) serving as a source electrode and adrain electrode can be reduced. In addition, the bonding strengthbetween the first oxide semiconductor layer 103 and the conductivelayers (105 a and 105 b) serving as a source electrode and a drainelectrode is improved by the plasma treatment, and thereby defects dueto film peeling hardly occurs.

Through the above-described steps, a display device having a highlyreliable protective circuit as a non-linear semiconductor device can bemanufactured.

Embodiment 4

Embodiment 4 illustrates an example of electronic paper in which aprotective circuit and a TFT in a pixel portion are provided over onesubstrate, as a display device according to one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates active matrix type electronic paper device as anexample of a display device according to one embodiment of the presentinvention. A thin film transistor 581 used for a semiconductor devicecan be manufactured in a manner similar to the non-linear elementdescribed in Embodiment 2, and has high electrical characteristics, inwhich an oxide semiconductor including In, Ga and Zn is used for asemiconductor layer and a source region and a drain region.

The electronic paper in FIG. 10 is an example of a display device inwhich a twisting ball display system is employed. The twisting balldisplay system refers to a method in which spherical particles eachcolored in black and white are arranged between a first electrode layerand a second electrode layer which are electrode layers used for adisplay element, and a potential difference is generated between thefirst electrode layer and the second electrode layer to controlorientation of the spherical particles, so that display is performed.

The thin film transistor 581 has a bottom-gate structure in which thesource electrode layer or the drain electrode layer is electricallyconnected to a first electrode layer 587 through an opening formed ininsulating layers. Between the first electrode layer 587 and a secondelectrode layer 588, spherical particles 589 are provided. Eachspherical particle 589 includes a black region 590 a and a white region590 b, and a cavity 594 filled with liquid around the black region 590 aand the white region 590 b. The circumference of the spherical particle589 is filled with filler 595 such as a resin or the like (see FIG. 10).

Further, instead of the twisting ball, an electrophoretic element can beused. A microcapsule having a diameter of about 10 μm to 20 μm, which isfilled with transparent liquid, positively-charged white microparticlesand negatively-charged black microparticles, is used. In themicrocapsule which is provided between the first electrode layer and thesecond electrode layer, when an electric field is applied by the firstelectrode layer and the second electrode layer, the white microparticlesand the black microparticles move to opposite sides to each other, sothat white or black can be displayed. A display element using thisprinciple is an electrophoretic display element, and is calledelectronic paper in general. The electrophoretic display element hashigher reflectance than a liquid crystal display element, and thus, anassistant light is unnecessary. Moreover, power consumption is low and adisplay portion can be recognized in a dusky place. Furthermore, animage which is displayed once can be retained even when power is notsupplied to the display portion. Accordingly, a displayed image can bestored even though a semiconductor device having a display function(which is also referred to simply as a display device or a semiconductordevice provided with a display device) is distanced from an electricwave source which serves as a power supply.

Through the above steps, in the connection structure between the firstoxide semiconductor layer of the non-linear element and the wiringlayers, the provision of the region which is bonded with the secondoxide semiconductor layer, which has higher electrical conductivity thanthe first oxide semiconductor layer, allows stable operation as comparedwith a case of using only metal wirings. Accordingly, the function ofthe protective circuit is enhanced and the operation can be made stable.Moreover, it is possible to manufacture a highly-reliable electronicpaper device having stable operation, by incorporating a protectivecircuit including the non-linear elements in which defects due to thepeeling of the thin films are not easily caused.

Embodiment 4 can be implemented in combination with any structure of theother embodiments as appropriate.

Embodiment 5

Embodiment 5 describes an example of manufacturing at least a protectivecircuit, part of a driver circuit, and a thin film transistor of a pixelportion over one substrate in a display device which is an example of asemiconductor device according to one embodiment of the presentinvention, with reference to FIGS. 11A and 11B, FIG. 12, FIG. 13, FIG.14, FIG. 15 and FIG. 16.

The thin film transistor in the pixel portion formed over the samesubstrate as the protective circuit is formed in a manner similar to thenon-linear element described in Embodiment 2 or 3. The thin filmtransistor is formed to be an n-channel TFT; therefore, part of a drivercircuit which can be formed using an n-channel TFT is formed over thesame substrate as the thin film transistor in the pixel portion.

FIG. 11A illustrates an example of a block diagram of an active matrixliquid crystal display device which is an example of a semiconductordevice according to one embodiment of the present invention. The displaydevice illustrated in FIG. 11A includes over a substrate 5300, a pixelportion 5301 including a plurality of pixels each provided with adisplay element; a scan line driver circuit 5302 that selects a pixel;and a signal line driver circuit 5303 that controls a video signal inputto a selected pixel.

The pixel portion 5301 is connected to the signal line driver circuit5303 with a plurality of signal lines S1 to Sm (not illustrated)extending in a column direction from the signal line driver circuit 5303and connected to the scan line driver circuit 5302 with a plurality ofscan lines G1 to Gn (not illustrated) extending in a row direction fromthe scan line driver circuit 5302. The pixel portion 5301 includes aplurality of pixels (not illustrated) arranged in matrix, correspondingto the signal lines S1 to Sm and the scan lines G1 to Gn. In addition,each of the pixels is connected to a signal line Sj (any one of thesignal lines S1 to Sm) and a scan line Gi (any one of the scan lines G1to Gn).

The thin film transistor that can be formed together with a non-linearelement by a method similar to that of the non-linear element describedin Embodiment 2 or 3 is an n-channel TFT, and a signal line drivercircuit including an n-channel TFT is described with reference to FIG.12.

The signal line driver circuit in FIG. 12 includes a driver IC 5601,switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M, a first wiring 5611, a second wiring5612, a third wiring 5613, and wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M. Each of theswitch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M includes a first thin film transistor5603 a, a second thin film transistor 5603 b, and a third thin filmtransistor 5603 c.

The driver IC 5601 is connected to the first wiring 5611, the secondwiring 5612, the third wiring 5613, and the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M.Each of the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M is connected to the firstwiring 5611, the second wiring 5612, the third wiring 5613, and one ofthe wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M corresponding to the switch groups 5602_1to 5602_M, respectively. Each of the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M isconnected to three signal lines through the first thin film transistor5603 a, the second thin film transistor 5603 b, and the third thin filmtransistor 5603 c. For example, the wiring 5621_J of the J-th column(one of the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M) is connected to a signal lineSj−1, a signal line Sj, and a signal line Sj+1 through the first thinfilm transistor 5603 a, the second thin film transistor 5603 b, and thethird thin film transistor 5603 c of the switch group 5602_).

Note that a signal is input to each of the first wiring 5611, the secondwiring 5612, and the third wiring 5613.

Note that the driver IC 5601 is preferably formed on a single-crystalsubstrate. The switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M are preferably formed overthe same substrate as the pixel portion. Therefore, the driver IC 5601may be connected to the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M through an FPC orthe like.

Next, operation of the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 12 isdescribed with reference to a timing chart of FIG. 13. FIG. 13illustrates the timing chart where a scan line Gi in the i-th row isselected. A selection period of the scan line Gi in the i-th row isdivided into a first sub-selection period T1, a second sub-selectionperiod T2, and a third sub-selection period T3. In addition, the signalline driver circuit in FIG. 12 operates similarly to FIG. 13 also when ascan line of another row is selected.

Note that the timing chart in FIG. 13 illustrates a case where thewiring 5621_J in the J-th column is connected to the signal line Sj−1,the signal line Sj, and the signal line Sj+1 through the first thin filmtransistor 5603 a, the second thin film transistor 5603 b, and the thirdthin film transistor 5603 c.

The timing chart of FIG. 13 illustrates timing when the scan line Gi inthe i-th row is selected, timing 5703 a when the first thin filmtransistor 5603 a is turned on/off, timing 5703 b when the second thinfilm transistor 5603 b is turned on/off, timing 5703 c when the thirdthin film transistor 5603 c is turned on/off, and a signal 5721_J inputto the wiring 5621_J in the J-th column.

In the first sub-selection period T1, the second sub-selection periodT2, and the third sub-selection period T3, different video signals areinput to the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M. For example, a video signal inputto the wiring 5621_J in the first sub-selection period T1 is input tothe signal line Sj−1, a video signal input to the wiring 5621_J in thesecond sub-selection period T2 is input to the signal line Sj, and avideo signal input to the wiring 5621_J in the third sub-selectionperiod T3 is input to the signal line Sj+1. In addition, in the firstsub-selection period T1, the second sub-selection period T2, and thethird sub-selection period T3, the video signals input to the wiring5621_J are denoted by Data_j−1, Data_j, and Data_j+1.

As illustrated in FIG. 13, in the first sub-selection period T1, thefirst thin film transistor 5603 a is turned on, and the second thin filmtransistor 5603 b and the third thin film transistor 5603 c are turnedoff. At this time, Data_j−1 input to the wiring 5621_J is input to thesignal line Sj−1 via the first thin film transistor 5603 a. In thesecond sub-selection period T2, the second thin film transistor 5603 bis turned on, and the first thin film transistor 5603 a and the thirdthin film transistor 5603 c are turned off. At this time, Data_j inputto the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj via the second thinfilm transistor 5603 b. In the third sub-selection period T3, the thirdthin film transistor 5603 c is turned on, and the first thin filmtransistor 5603 a and the second thin film transistor 5603 b are turnedoff. At this time, Data_j+1 input to the wiring 5621_J is input to thesignal line Sj+1 via the third thin film transistor 5603 c.

As described above, in the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 12, bydividing one gate selection period into three, video signals can beinput to three signal lines from one wiring 5621 in one gate selectionperiod. Therefore, in the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 12, thenumber of connections of the substrate provided with the driver IC 5601and the substrate provided with the pixel portion can be approximately ⅓of the number of signal lines. The number of connections is reduced toapproximately ⅓ of the number of the signal lines, so that reliability,yield, etc., of the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 12 can beimproved.

Note that there are no particular limitations on the arrangement, thenumber, a driving method, and the like of the thin film transistors, aslong as one gate selection period is divided into a plurality ofsub-selection periods and video signals are input to a plurality ofsignal lines from one wiring in the respective the sub-selection periodsas illustrated in FIG. 12.

For example, when video signals are input to three or more signal linesfrom one wiring in each of three or more sub-selection periods, it isonly necessary to add a thin film transistor and a wiring forcontrolling the thin film transistor. Note that when one gate selectionperiod is divided into four or more sub-selection periods, onesub-selection period becomes shorter. Therefore, one gate selectionperiod is preferably divided into two or three sub-selection periods.

As another example, one gate selection period may be divided into aprecharge period Tp, the first sub-selection period T1, the secondsub-selection period T2, and the third sub-selection period T3 asillustrated in a timing chart in FIG. 14. The timing chart in FIG. 14illustrates timing at which the scan line Gi of the i-th row isselected, timing 5803 a of on/off of the first thin film transistor 5603a, timing 5803 b of on/off of the second thin film transistor 5603 b,timing 5803 c of on/off of the third thin film transistor 5603 c, and asignal 5821_J input to the wiring 5621_J of the J-th column. Asillustrated in FIG. 14, the first thin film transistor 5603 a, thesecond thin film transistor 5603 b, and the third thin film transistor5603 c are tuned on in the precharge period Tp. At this time, prechargevoltage Vp input to the wiring 5621_J is input to each of the signalline Sj−1, the signal line Sj, and the signal line Sj+1 via the firstthin film transistor 5603 a, the second thin film transistor 5603 b, andthe third thin film transistor 5603 c. In the first sub-selection periodT1, the first thin film transistor 5603 a is turned on, and the secondthin film transistor 5603 b and the third thin film transistor 5603 care turned off. At this time, Data_j−1 input to the wiring 5621_J isinput to the signal line Sj−1 via the first thin film transistor 5603 a.In the second sub-selection period T2, the second thin film transistor5603 b is turned on, and the first thin film transistor 5603 a and thethird thin film transistor 5603 c are turned off. At this time, Data_jinput to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj via the secondthin film transistor 5603 b. In the third sub-selection period T3, thethird thin film transistor 5603 c is turned on, and the first thin filmtransistor 5603 a and the second thin film transistor 5603 b are turnedoff. At this time, Data_j+1 input to the wiring 5621_J is input to thesignal line Sj+1 via the third thin film transistor 5603 c.

As described above, in the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 12 towhich the timing chart in FIG. 14 is applied, the video signal can bewritten to the pixel at high speed because the signal line can beprecharged by providing a precharge selection period before asub-selection period. Note that portions in FIG. 14 which are similar tothose of FIG. 13 are denoted by common reference numerals and detaileddescription of the portions which are the same and portions which havesimilar functions is omitted.

Further, a structure of a scan line driver circuit is described. Thescan line driver circuit includes a shift register and a buffer.Additionally, the scan line driver circuit may include a level shifterin some cases. In the scan line driver circuit, when the clock signal(CLK) and the start pulse signal (SP) are input to the shift register, aselection signal is produced. The generated selection signal is bufferedand amplified by the buffer, and the resulting signal is supplied to acorresponding scan line. Gate electrodes of transistors in pixels of oneline are connected to the scan line. Further, since the transistors inthe pixels of one line have to be turned on at the same time, a bufferwhich can feed a large current can be used.

One mode of a shift register which is used for a part of a scan linedriver circuit is described with reference to FIG. 15 and FIG. 16.

FIG. 15 illustrates a circuit configuration of the shift register. Theshift register illustrated in FIG. 15 includes a plurality of flip-flops(flip-flops 5701-1 to 5701-n). The shift register is operated with inputof a first clock signal, a second clock signal, a start pulse signal,and a reset signal.

Connection relations of the shift register in FIG. 15 are described. Inthe i-th stage flip-flop 5701_i (one of the flip-flops 5701-1 to 5701_n)in the shift register of FIG. 15, a first wiring 5501 illustrated inFIG. 16 is connected to a seventh wiring 5717_i−1; a second wiring 5502illustrated in FIG. 16 is connected to a seventh wiring 5717_i+1; athird wiring 5503 illustrated in FIG. 16 is connected to a seventhwiring 5717_i; and a sixth wiring 5506 illustrated in FIG. 16 isconnected to a fifth wiring 5715.

Further, a fourth wiring 5504 illustrated in FIG. 16 is connected to asecond wiring 5712 in flip-flops of odd-numbered stages, and isconnected to a third wiring 5713 in flip-flops of even-numbered stages.A fifth wiring 5505 illustrated in FIG. 16 is connected to a fourthwiring 5714.

Note that the first wiring 5501 of the first stage flip-flop 5701_1illustrated in FIG. 16 is connected to a first wiring 5711. Moreover,the second wiring 5502 of the n-th stage flip-flop 5701_n illustrated inFIG. 16 is connected to a sixth wiring 5716.

Note that the first wiring 5711, the second wiring 5712, the thirdwiring 5713, and the sixth wiring 5716 may be referred to as a firstsignal line, a second signal line, a third signal line, and a fourthsignal line, respectively. The fourth wiring 5714 and the fifth wiring5715 may be referred to as a first power source line and a second powersource line, respectively.

Next, FIG. 16 illustrates details of the flip-flop illustrated in FIG.15. A flip-flop illustrated in FIG. 16 includes a first thin filmtransistor 5571, a second thin film transistor 5572, a third thin filmtransistor 5573, a fourth thin film transistor 5574, a fifth thin filmtransistor 5575, a sixth thin film transistor 5576, a seventh thin filmtransistor 5577, and an eighth thin film transistor 5578. Each of thefirst thin film transistor 5571, the second thin film transistor 5572,the third thin film transistor 5573, the fourth thin film transistor5574, the fifth thin film transistor 5575, the sixth thin filmtransistor 5576, the seventh thin film transistor 5577, and the eighththin film transistor 5578 is an n-channel transistor and is turned onwhen the gate-source voltage (V_(gs)) exceeds the threshold voltage(V_(th)).

Next, the connection structure of the flip-flop illustrated in FIG. 16is described below.

A first electrode (one of a source electrode and a drain electrode) ofthe first thin film transistor 5571 is connected to the fourth wiring5504. A second electrode (the other of the source electrode and thedrain electrode) of the first thin film transistor 5571 is connected tothe third wiring 5503.

A first electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572 is connectedto the sixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the second thin filmtransistor 5572 is connected to the third wiring 5503.

A first electrode of the third thin film transistor 5573 is connected tothe fifth wiring 5505. A second electrode of the third thin filmtransistor 5573 is connected to a gate electrode of the second thin filmtransistor 5572. A gate electrode of the third thin film transistor 5573is connected to the fifth wiring 5505.

A first electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574 is connectedto the sixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the fourth thin filmtransistor 5574 is connected to the gate electrode of the second thinfilm transistor 5572. A gate electrode of the fourth thin filmtransistor 5574 is connected to a gate electrode of the first thin filmtransistor 5571.

A first electrode of the fifth thin film transistor 5575 is connected tothe fifth wiring 5505. A second electrode of the fifth thin filmtransistor 5575 is connected to the gate electrode of the first thinfilm transistor 5571. A gate electrode of the fifth thin film transistor5575 is connected to the first wiring 5501.

A first electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576 is connected tothe sixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the sixth thin filmtransistor 5576 is connected to the gate electrode of the first thinfilm transistor 5571. A gate electrode of the sixth thin film transistor5576 is connected to the gate electrode of the second thin filmtransistor 5572.

A first electrode of the seventh thin film transistor 5577 is connectedto the sixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the seventh thin filmtransistor 5577 is connected to the gate electrode of the first thinfilm transistor 5571. A gate electrode of the seventh thin filmtransistor 5577 is connected to the second wiring 5502. A firstelectrode of the eighth thin film transistor 5578 is connected to thesixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the eighth thin film transistor5578 is connected to the gate electrode of the second thin filmtransistor 5572. A gate electrode of the eighth thin film transistor5578 is connected to the first wiring 5501.

Note that the points at which the gate electrode of the first thin filmtransistor 5571, the gate electrode of the fourth thin film transistor5574, the second electrode of the fifth thin film transistor 5575, thesecond electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576, and the secondelectrode of the seventh thin film transistor 5577 are connected areeach referred to as a node 5543. The points at which the gate electrodeof the second thin film transistor 5572, the second electrode of thethird thin film transistor 5573, the second electrode of the fourth thinfilm transistor 5574, the gate electrode of the sixth thin filmtransistor 5576, and the second electrode of the eighth thin filmtransistor 5578 are connected are each referred to as a node 5544.

Note that the first wiring 5501, the second wiring 5502, the thirdwiring 5503, and the fourth wiring 5504 may be referred to as a firstsignal line, a second signal line, a third signal line, and a fourthsignal line, respectively. The fifth wiring 5505 and the sixth wiring5506 may be referred to as a first power source line and a second powersource line, respectively.

Alternatively, the signal line driver circuit and the scan line drivercircuit can be manufactured using only n-channel TFTs, which can bemanufactured together with a non-linear element by a method similar tothe method for manufacturing the non-linear element described inEmbodiment 2 or 3. Since the n-channel TFTs which can be formed togetherwith the non-linear element by the method similar to the method formanufacturing the non-linear element described in Embodiment 2 or 3 havehigh mobility, the driving frequency of the driver circuits can beincreased. Further, the n-channel TFTs which can be formed together withthe non-linear element by the method similar to the method formanufacturing the non-linear element described in Embodiment 2 or 3include source regions or drain regions which are formed using anoxygen-deficiency oxide semiconductor layer including indium, gallium,and zinc. Therefore, the parasitic capacitance is decreased and thefrequency characteristic (called f-characteristic) is increased. Forexample, the scan line driver circuit including the n-channel TFTs whichcan be formed together with a non-linear element by the method similarto the method for manufacturing the non-linear element described inEmbodiment 2 or 3 can operate at high speed; therefore, it is possibleto increase the frame frequency or to achieve insertion of a blackscreen, for example.

In addition, when the channel width of the transistor in the scan linedriver circuit is increased or a plurality of scan line driver circuitsis provided, for example, higher frame frequency can be realized. When aplurality of scan line driver circuits are provided, a scan line drivercircuit for driving even-numbered scan lines is provided on one side anda scan line driver circuit for driving odd-numbered scan lines isprovided on the opposite side; thus, increase in frame frequency can berealized.

In the case of manufacturing an active matrix type light-emittingdisplay device, which is an example of a semiconductor device accordingto one embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of scan linedriver circuits are preferably arranged because a plurality of thin filmtransistors are arranged in at least one pixel. An example of a blockdiagram of an active matrix light-emitting display device is illustratedin FIG. 11B.

The light-emitting display device illustrated in FIG. 11B includes, overa substrate 5400, a pixel portion 5401 including a plurality of pixelseach provided with a display element; a first scan line driver circuit5402 and a second scan line driver circuit 5404 that select each pixel;and a signal line driver circuit 5403 that controls a video signal inputto a selected pixel.

In the case of inputting a digital video signal to the pixel of thelight-emitting display device of FIG. 11B, the pixel is put in alight-emitting state or non-light-emitting state by switching on/off ofthe transistor. Thus, grayscale can be displayed using an area ratiograyscale method or a time ratio grayscale method. An area ratiograyscale method refers to a driving method by which one pixel isdivided into a plurality of subpixels and the respective subpixels aredriven separately based on video signals so that grayscale is displayed.Further, a time ratio grayscale method refers to a driving method bywhich a period during which a pixel is in a light-emitting state iscontrolled so that grayscale is displayed.

Since the response time of light-emitting elements is shorter than thatof liquid crystal elements or the like, the light-emitting elements aresuitable for a time ratio grayscale method. Specifically, in the case ofdisplaying by a time grayscale method, one frame period is divided intoa plurality of subframe periods. Then, in response to video signals, thelight-emitting element in the pixel is put in a light-emitting state ora non-light-emitting state in each subframe period. By dividing a frameinto a plurality of subframes, the total length of time in which pixelsactually emit light in one frame period can be controlled with videosignals to display grayscales.

Note that in the light-emitting display device of FIG. 11B, in a casewhere one pixel includes two TFTs, that is, a switching TFT and acurrent control TFT, a signal which is input to a first scan lineserving as a gate wiring of the switching TFT is generated from thefirst scan line driver circuit 5402 and a signal which is input to asecond scan line serving as a gate wiring of the current control TFT isgenerated from the second scan line driver circuit 5404. However, thesignal which is input to the first scan line and the signal which isinput to the second scan line may be generated together from one scanline driver circuit. In addition, for example, there is a possibilitythat a plurality of the first scan lines used for controlling theoperation of the switching element be provided in each pixel dependingon the number of transistors included in the switching element. In thiscase, the signals which are input to the first scan lines may begenerated all from one scan line driver circuit or may be generated froma plurality of scan line driver circuits.

Even in the light-emitting display device, part of the driver circuitwhich can be formed using the n-channel TFTs can be provided over onesubstrate together with the thin film transistors of the pixel portion.Moreover, the signal line driver circuit and the scan line drivercircuit can be manufactured using only the n-channel TFTs which can beformed together with a non-linear element by a method similar to themethod for manufacturing the non-linear element described in Embodiment2 or 3.

The aforementioned driver circuit may be used for not only a liquidcrystal display device or a light-emitting display device but alsoelectronic paper in which electronic ink is driven by utilizing anelement electrically connected to a switching element. The electronicpaper is also called an electrophoretic display device (electrophoreticdisplay) and has advantages in that it has the same level of readabilityas regular paper, it has less power consumption than other displaydevices, and it can be set to have a thin and light form.

Electrophoretic displays can have various modes. Electrophoreticdisplays contain a plurality of microcapsules dispersed in a solvent ora solute, each microcapsule containing first particles which arepositive-charged and second particles which are negative-charged. Byapplying an electric field to the microcapsules, the particles in themicrocapsules are moved in opposite directions and only the color of theparticles concentrated on one side is exhibited. It is to be noted thatthe first particles and the second particles each contain pigment and donot move without an electric field. Moreover, the colors of the firstparticles and the second particles are different from each other (thecolors include colorless or achroma).

In this way, an electrophoretic display is a display that utilizes aso-called dielectrophoretic effect by which a substance that has a highdielectric constant move to a high-electric field region. Anelectrophoretic display does not need to use a polarizer and a countersubstrate, which are required in a liquid crystal display device, andboth the thickness and weight of the electrophoretic display device canbe a half of those of a liquid crystal display device.

A solution in which the aforementioned microcapsules are dispersed in asolvent is referred to as electronic ink. This electronic ink can beprinted on a surface of glass, plastic, cloth, paper, or the like.Furthermore, by use of a color filter or particles that have a pigment,color display is possible, as well.

In addition, an active matrix type display device can be completed byproviding as appropriate, a plurality of the microcapsules over anactive matrix substrate so as to be interposed between two electrodes,and can perform display by application of electric field to themicrocapsules. For example, the active matrix substrate obtained usingthe thin film transistors which can be formed together with a non-linearelement by a method similar to the method for manufacturing thenon-linear element described in Embodiment 2 or 3 can be used.

Note that the first particles and the second particles in themicrocapsule may be formed from one of a conductive material, aninsulating material, a semiconductor material, a magnetic material, aliquid crystal material, a ferroelectric material, an electroluminescentmaterial, an electrochromic material, and a magnetophoretic material ora composite material thereof.

Through the above steps, in the connection structure between the firstoxide semiconductor layer of the non-linear element and the wiringlayers, the provision of the region which is bonded with the secondoxide semiconductor layer, which has higher electrical conductivity thanthe first oxide semiconductor layer, or the provision of the regionmodified by a plasma treatment, allows stable operation as compared witha case of using only metal wirings. Accordingly, the function of theprotective circuit is enhanced and the operation can be made stable.Further, it is possible to manufacture a highly-reliable display devicehaving stable operation, by including a protective circuit including anon-linear element in which defects due to the peeling of the thin filmsare not easily caused.

Embodiment 5 can be implemented in combination with any structure of theother embodiments as appropriate.

Embodiment 6

A thin film transistor can be manufactured together with a non-linearelement according to one embodiment of the present invention, and thethin film transistor can be used for a pixel portion and further for adriver circuit, so that a semiconductor device having a display function(also called a display device) can be manufactured. Moreover, a thinfilm transistor and a non-linear element according to one embodiment ofthe present invention can be used for part of a driver circuit or anentire driver circuit formed over one substrate together with a pixelportion, so that a system-on-panel can be formed.

The display device includes a display element. As the display element, aliquid crystal element (also referred to as a liquid crystal displayelement) or a light-emitting element (also referred to as alight-emitting display element) can be used. A light-emitting elementincludes, in its scope, an element whose luminance is controlled bycurrent or voltage, and specifically includes an inorganicelectroluminescent (EL) element, an organic EL element, and the like.Further, a display medium whose contrast is changed by an electriceffect, such as electronic ink, can be used.

In addition, the display device includes a panel in which a displayelement is sealed, and a module in which an IC and the like including acontroller are mounted on the panel. One embodiment of the presentinvention relates to one mode of an element substrate before the displayelement is completed in a process for manufacturing the display device,and the element substrate is provided with a means for supplying currentto the display element in each of a plurality of pixels. Specifically,the element substrate may be in a state provided with only a pixelelectrode of the display element, a state after a conductive film to bea pixel electrode is formed and before the conductive film is etched toform the pixel electrode, or any other states.

A display device in this specification refers to an image displaydevice, a display device, or a light source (including a lightingdevice). Further, the display device includes any of the followingmodules in its category: a module including a connector such as anflexible printed circuit (FPC), a tape automated bonding (TAB) tape, ora tape carrier package (TCP); a module having a TAB tape or a TCP whichis provided with a printed wiring board at the end thereof; and a modulehaving an integrated circuit (IC) which is directly mounted on a displayelement by a chip-on-glass (COG) method.

The appearance and a cross section of a liquid crystal display panel,which is one mode of a display device according to one embodiment of thepresent invention, will be described in Embodiment 6 with reference toFIGS. 17A and 17B. FIG. 17A is a top view of a panel in which thin filmtransistors 4010 and 4011 with high electrical characteristics which canbe manufactured together with a non-linear element by a method similarto the method for manufacturing the non-linear element, and a liquidcrystal element 4013 are sealed by a second substrate 4006 with asealing material 4005. FIG. 17B corresponds to a cross section thereofalong M-N of FIGS. 17A-1 and 17A-2.

The sealing material 4005 is provided so as to surround a pixel portion4002 and a scan line driver circuit 4004 which are provided over thefirst substrate 4001. The second substrate 4006 is provided over thepixel portion 4002 and the scan line driver circuit 4004. Thus, thepixel portion 4002 and the scan line driver circuit 4004 as well as aliquid crystal layer 4008 are sealed with the sealing material 4005between the first substrate 4001 and the second substrate 4006. A signalline driver circuit 4003 that is formed using a single crystalsemiconductor film or a polycrystalline semiconductor film over asubstrate which is prepared separately is mounted in a region that isdifferent from the region surrounded by the sealing material 4005 overthe first substrate 4001.

Note that there is no particular limitation on a connection method ofthe driver circuit which is separately formed, and a known COG method,wire bonding method, TAB method, or the like can be used. FIG. 17A-1illustrates an example in which the signal line driver circuit 4003 ismounted by a COG method and FIG. 17A-2 illustrates an example in whichsignal line driver circuit 4003 is mounted by a TAB method.

Each of the pixel portion 4002 and the scan line driver circuit 4004which are provided over the first substrate 4001 includes a plurality ofthin film transistors. FIG. 17B illustrates the thin film transistor4010 included in the pixel portion 4002 and the thin film transistor4011 included in the scan line driver circuit 4004. Insulating layers4020 and 4021 are provided over the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011.

Each of the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011 has high electricalcharacteristics, in which an oxide semiconductor including In, Ga and Znis used for its semiconductor layer and its source and drain regions,and can be manufactured together with a non-linear element by a methodsimilar to the method for manufacturing the non-linear element describedin Embodiment 2 or 3. In Embodiment 6, the thin film transistors 4010and 4011 are n-channel thin film transistors.

A pixel electrode layer 4030 included in the liquid crystal element 4013is electrically connected to the thin film transistor 4010. A counterelectrode layer 4031 of the liquid crystal element 4013 is formed on thesecond substrate 4006. A portion where the pixel electrode layer 4030,the counter electrode layer 4031, and the liquid crystal layer 4008overlap with each other corresponds to the liquid crystal element 4013.Note that the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer4031 are provided with an insulating layer 4032 and an insulating layer4033 serving as orientation films, respectively, and has the liquidcrystal layer 4008 therebetween, with the insulating layers 4032 and4033 therebetween.

Note that the first substrate 4001 and the second substrate 4006 can beformed from glass, metal (typically, stainless steel), ceramic, orplastic. As plastic, a fiberglass-reinforced plastics (FRP) plate, apolyvinyl fluoride (PVF) film, a polyester film, or an acrylic resinfilm can be used. In addition, a sheet with a structure in which analuminum foil is sandwiched between PVF films or polyester films can beused.

A columnar spacer 4035, which is formed by etching an insulating filmselectively, is provided to control a distance (a cell gap) between thepixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031.Alternatively, a spherical spacer may be used.

Alternatively, a blue phase liquid crystal without an orientation filmmay be used. A blue phase is a type of liquid crystal phase, whichappears just before a cholesteric liquid crystal changes into anisotropic phase when the temperature of the cholesteric liquid crystalis increased. A blue phase appears only within narrow temperature range;therefore, the liquid crystal layer 4008 is formed using a liquidcrystal composition in which a chiral agent of 5 wt. % or more is mixedin order to expand the temperature range. The liquid crystal compositionincluding a blue phase liquid crystal and a chiral agent has a shortresponse time of 10 μs to 100 μs, and is optically isotropic; therefore,orientation treatment is not necessary and viewing angle dependence issmall.

Note that Embodiment 6 describes an example of a transmissive liquidcrystal display device; however, one embodiment of the present inventioncan be applied to a reflective liquid crystal display device or asemi-transmissive liquid crystal display device.

Although a liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 6 has a polarizerprovided outer than the substrate (the viewer side) and a color layerand an electrode layer of a display element provided inner than thesubstrate, which are arranged in that order, the polarizer may be innerthan the substrate. The stacked structure of the polarizer and the colorlayer is not limited to that described in Embodiment 6 and may be set asappropriate in accordance with the materials of the polarizer and thecolor layer and the condition of the manufacturing process. Further, alight-blocking film serving as a black matrix may be provided.

In Embodiment 6, in order to reduce the unevenness of the surface of thethin film transistors and to improve the reliability of the thin filmtransistors, the non-linear element described in Embodiment 2 or 3 andthe thin film transistors which can be formed together with a non-linearelement by a method similar to the method for manufacturing thenon-linear element are covered with protective films or insulatinglayers (the insulating layers 4020 and 4021) serving as planarizinginsulating films. Note that the protective film is provided to prevententry of a contaminant impurity such as an organic substance, a metalsubstance, or moisture existing in air, and therefore a dense film ispreferable. The protective film may be formed using a single layer or astack of layers of a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, asilicon oxynitride film, a silicon nitride oxide film, an aluminum oxidefilm, an aluminum nitride film, an aluminum oxynitride film, or analuminum nitride oxide film. Although the protective film is formed by asputtering method in Embodiment 6, the method is not limited to aparticular method and may be selected from a variety of methods.

Here, the insulating layer 4020 is formed to have a stacked structure asthe protective film. Here, a silicon oxide film is formed by asputtering method as a first layer of the insulating layer 4020. The useof a silicon oxide film for the protective film provides an advantageouseffect of preventing hillock of an aluminum film used for a sourceelectrode layer and a drain electrode layer.

Moreover, an insulating layer is formed as a second layer of theprotective film. Here, a silicon nitride film is formed by a sputteringmethod as a second layer of the insulating layer 4020. When a siliconnitride film is used for the protective film, it is possible to preventmovable ions such as sodium from entering a semiconductor region to varythe electrical characteristics of the TFT.

Further, after the protective film is formed, the IGZO semiconductorlayer may be annealed (at 300° C. to 400° C.).

Further, the insulating layer 4021 is formed as the planarizinginsulating film. The insulating layer 4021 can be formed from an organicmaterial having heat resistance, such as polyimide, acrylic,benzocyclobutene, polyamide, or epoxy. As an alternative to such organicmaterials, it is possible to use a low-dielectric constant material (alow-k material), a siloxane-based resin, PSG (phosphosilicate glass),BPSG (borophosphosilicate glass), or the like. A siloxane-based resinmay include as a substituent at least one of fluorine, an alkyl group,and an aryl group, as well as hydrogen. Note that the insulating layer4021 may be formed by stacking a plurality of insulating films formed ofthese materials.

Note that a siloxane-based resin is a resin formed from a siloxane-basedmaterial as a starting material and having the bond of Si—O—Si. Thesiloxane-based resin may include as a substituent at least one offluorine, an alkyl group, and aromatic hydrocarbon, as well as hydrogen.

The method for the formation of the insulating layer 4021 is not limitedto a particular method and the following method can be used depending onthe material of the insulating layer 4021: a sputtering method, an SOGmethod, spin coating, dip coating, spray coating, a droplet dischargemethod (e.g., an inkjet method, screen printing, or offset printing), adoctor knife, a roll coater, a curtain coater, a knife coater, or thelike. In the case of forming the insulating layer 4021 with use of amaterial liquid, annealing (300° C. to 400° C.) may be performed on theIGZO semiconductor layer at the same time as a baking step. When thebaking of the insulating layer 4021 and the annealing of the IGZOsemiconductor layer are performed at the same time, a semiconductordevice can be manufactured efficiently.

The pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031 canbe formed from a light-transmitting conductive material such as indiumoxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungstenoxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxidecontaining titanium oxide, indium tin oxide (hereinafter referred to asITO), indium zinc oxide, or indium tin oxide to which silicon oxide isadded.

A conductive composition including a conductive high molecule (alsoreferred to as a conductive polymer) can be used for the pixel electrodelayer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031. The pixel electrodeformed of the conductive composition has preferably a sheet resistanceof 10000 Ω/square or less and a transmittance of 70% or more at awavelength of 550 nm. Further, the resistivity of the conductive highmolecule included in the conductive composition is preferably 0.1 Ω·cmor less.

As the conductive high molecule, a so-called π-electron conjugatedconductive polymer can be used. As examples thereof, polyaniline or aderivative thereof, polypyrrole or a derivative thereof, polythiopheneor a derivative thereof, a copolymer of two or more kinds of them, andthe like can be given.

Further, a variety of signals and potentials are supplied from an FPC4018 to the signal line driver circuit 4003 which is formed separately,the scan line driver circuit 4004, and the pixel portion 4002.

In Embodiment 6, a connecting terminal electrode 4015 is formed usingthe same conductive film as the pixel electrode layer 4030 included inthe liquid crystal element 4013. A terminal electrode 4016 is formedusing the same conductive film as the source and drain electrode layersincluded in the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011.

The connecting terminal electrode 4015 is electrically connected to aterminal of the FPC 4018 through an anisotropic conductive film 4019.

Although FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrate an example in which the signalline driver circuit 4003 is formed separately and mounted on the firstsubstrate 4001, Embodiment 6 is not limited to this structure. The scanline driver circuit may be separately formed and then mounted, or onlypart of the signal line driver circuit or part of the scan line drivercircuit may be separately formed and then mounted.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example in which a liquid crystal display moduleis formed as a semiconductor device using a TFT substrate 2600manufactured according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example of a liquid crystal display module, inwhich the TFT substrate 2600 and a counter substrate 2601 are fixed toeach other with a sealing material 2602, and a pixel portion 2603including a TFT and the like, a display element 2604 including a liquidcrystal layer, and a color layer 2605 are provided between thesubstrates to form a display region. The color layer 2605 is necessaryto perform color display. In the case of the RGB system, respectivecolor layers corresponding to colors of red, green, and blue areprovided for respective pixels. Polarizing plates 2606 and 2607 and adiffuser plate 2613 are provided outside the TFT substrate 2600 and thecounter substrate 2601. A light source includes a cold cathode tube 2610and a reflective plate 2611, and a circuit board 2612 is connected to awiring circuit portion 2608 of the TFT substrate 2600 through a flexiblewiring board 2609 and includes an external circuit such as a controlcircuit and a power source circuit. The polarizing plate and the liquidcrystal layer may be stacked with a retardation plate therebetween.

For the liquid crystal display module, a TN (Twisted Nematic) mode, anIPS (In-Plane-Switching) mode, an FFS (Fringe Field Switching) mode, anMVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment) mode, a PVA (Patterned VerticalAlignment) mode, an ASM (Axially Symmetric aligned Micro-cell) mode, anOCB (Optically Compensated Birefringence) mode, an FLC (FerroelectricLiquid Crystal) mode, an AFLC (AntiFenoelectric Liquid Crystal) mode orthe like can be used.

Through the above steps, in the connection structure between the firstoxide semiconductor layer of the non-linear element and the wiringlayers, the provision of the region which is bonded with the secondoxide semiconductor layer, which has higher electrical conductivity thanthe first oxide semiconductor layer, allows stable operation as comparedwith a case of using only metal wirings. Accordingly, the function ofthe protective circuit can be enhanced and the operation can be madestable. In addition, it is possible to manufacture a highly-reliableliquid crystal display panel having stable operation, by including aprotective circuit including a non-linear element in which defects dueto the peeling of the thin films are not easily caused.

Embodiment 6 can be implemented in combination with any structure of theother embodiments as appropriate.

Embodiment 7

A thin film transistor is formed together with a non-linear elementaccording to one embodiment of the present invention, and asemiconductor device having a display function (also referred to as adisplay device) can be manufactured by using the thin film transistor ina pixel portion and a driver circuit.

Embodiment 7 describes an example of a light-emitting display device asa display device according to one embodiment of the present invention.As an example of a display element of the display device, here, alight-emitting element utilizing electroluminescence is used.Light-emitting elements utilizing electroluminescence are classifiedaccording to whether a light emitting material is an organic compound oran inorganic compound. In general, the former is referred to as anorganic EL element, the latter as an inorganic EL element.

In an organic EL element, by application of voltage to a light-emittingelement, electrons and holes are separately injected from a pair ofelectrodes into a layer containing a light-emitting organic compound,and thus current flows. Then, those carriers (i.e., electrons and holes)are recombined, and thus, the light-emitting organic compound isexcited. When the light-emitting organic compound returns to a groundstate from the excited state, light is emitted. Owing to such amechanism, such a light emitting element is referred to as acurrent-excitation light emitting element.

The inorganic EL elements are classified, according to their elementstructures, into a dispersion type inorganic EL element and a thin-filmtype inorganic EL element. A dispersion type inorganic EL element has alight-emitting layer where particles of a light-emitting material aredispersed in a binder, and its light emission mechanism isdonor-acceptor recombination type light emission that utilizes a donorlevel and an acceptor level. A thin-film type inorganic EL element has astructure where a light-emitting layer is sandwiched between dielectriclayers, which are further sandwiched between electrodes, and its lightemission mechanism is localized type light emission that utilizesinner-shell electron transition of metal ions. Note that an organic ELelement is used as a light-emitting element here.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of a pixel structure to which digitaltime grayscale driving can be applied, as an example of a semiconductordevice according to one embodiment of the present invention.

A structure and operation of a pixel to which digital time grayscaledriving can be applied are described. In Embodiment 7, one pixelincludes two n-channel transistors in each of which a channel formationregion includes an IGZO semiconductor layer and which can be formedtogether with a non-linear element by a method similar to the method formanufacturing the non-linear element described in Embodiment 2.

A pixel 6400 includes a switching transistor 6401, a driving transistor6402, a light-emitting element 6404, and a capacitor 6403. A gate of theswitching transistor 6401 is connected to a scan line 6406, a firstelectrode (one of a source electrode and a drain electrode) of theswitching transistor 6401 is connected to a signal line 6405, and asecond electrode (the other of the source electrode and the drainelectrode) of the switching transistor 6401 is connected to a gate ofthe driving transistor 6402. The gate of the driving transistor 6402 isconnected to a power supply line 6407 through the capacitor 6403, afirst electrode of the driving transistor 6402 is connected to the powersupply line 6407, and a second electrode of the driving transistor 6402is connected to a first electrode (pixel electrode) of thelight-emitting element 6404. A second electrode of the light-emittingelement 6404 corresponds to a common electrode 6408.

The second electrode (common electrode 6408) of the light-emittingelement 6404 is set to a low power supply potential. The low powersupply potential is a potential satisfying the low power supplypotential<a high power supply potential when the high power supplypotential set to the power supply line 6407 is a reference. As the lowpower supply potential, GND, 0 V, or the like may be employed, forexample. A potential difference between the high power supply potentialand the low power supply potential is applied to the light-emittingelement 6404 and current is supplied to the light-emitting element 6404,so that the light-emitting element 6404 emits light. Here, in order tomake the light-emitting element 6404 emit light, each potential is setso that the potential difference between the high power supply potentialand the low power supply potential is greater than or equal to forwardthreshold voltage.

Gate capacitor of the driving transistor 6402 may be used as asubstitute for the capacitor 6403, so that the capacitor 6403 can beomitted. The gate capacitor of the driving transistor 6402 may be formedbetween the channel formation region and the gate electrode.

In the case of a voltage-input voltage driving method, a video signal isinput to the gate of the driving transistor 6402 so that the drivingtransistor 6402 is in either of two states of being sufficiently turnedon and turned off. That is, the driving transistor 6402 operates in alinear region. Since the driving transistor 6402 operates in a linearregion, a voltage higher than the voltage of the power supply line 6407is applied to the gate of the driving transistor 6402. Note that avoltage higher than or equal to (voltage of the power supply line+Vth ofthe driving transistor 6402) is applied to the signal line 6405.

In a case of performing analog grayscale driving instead of digital timegrayscale driving, the same pixel structure as that in FIG. 19 can beused by changing signal input.

In the case of performing analog grayscale driving, a voltage higherthan or equal to (forward voltage of the light-emitting element 6404+Vthof the driving transistor 6402) is applied to the gate of the drivingtransistor 6402. The forward voltage of the light-emitting element 6404indicates a voltage at which a desired luminance is obtained, andincludes at least forward threshold voltage. The video signal by whichthe driving transistor 6402 operates in a saturation region is input, sothat current can be supplied to the light-emitting element 6404. Inorder for the driving transistor 6402 to operate in a saturation region,the potential of the power supply line 6407 is set higher than the gatepotential of the driving transistor 6402. When an analog video signal isused, it is possible to feed current to the light-emitting element 6404in accordance with the video signal and perform analog grayscaledriving.

The pixel structure illustrated in FIG. 19 is not limited thereto. Forexample, a switch, a resistor, a capacitor, a transistor, a logiccircuit, or the like may be added to the pixel illustrated in FIG. 19.

Next, structures of a light-emitting element are described withreference to FIGS. 20A to 20C. A cross-sectional structure of a pixel isdescribed here by taking an n-channel driving TFT as an example. TFTs7001, 7011, and 7021 serving as driving TFTs used for a semiconductordevice, which are illustrated in FIGS. 20A, 20B, and 20C, can be formedtogether with a non-linear element by a method similar to the method formanufacturing the non-linear element described in Embodiment 2. The TFTs7001, 7011, and 7021 have high electrical characteristics, in which anoxide semiconductor including In, Ga and Zn is used for a semiconductorlayer and a source region and a drain region.

In addition, in order to extract light emitted from the light-emittingelement, at least one of an anode and a cathode should be transparent totransmit light. A thin film transistor and a light-emitting element areformed over a substrate. A light-emitting element can have atop-emission structure in which light emission is extracted through thesurface opposite to the substrate; a bottom-emission structure in whichlight emission is extracted through the surface on the substrate side;or a dual-emission structure in which light emission is extractedthrough the surface opposite to the substrate and the surface on thesubstrate side. The pixel structure according to one embodiment of thepresent invention can be applied to a light-emitting element having anyof these emission structures.

A light-emitting element with a top-emission structure is described withreference to FIG. 20A.

FIG. 20A is a cross-sectional view of a pixel in a case where the TFT7001 serving as a driving TFT is an n-channel TFT and light generated ina light-emitting element 7002 is emitted to an anode 7005 side. In FIG.20A, a cathode 7003 of the light-emitting element 7002 is electricallyconnected to the TFT 7001 serving as a driving TFT, and a light-emittinglayer 7004 and the anode 7005 are stacked in this order over the cathode7003. The cathode 7003 can be formed using any of a variety ofconductive materials as long as it has a low work function and reflectslight. For example, Ca, Al, CaF, MgAg, AlLi, or the like is preferablyused. The light-emitting layer 7004 may be formed using a single layeror by stacking a plurality of layers. When the light-emitting layer 7004is formed using a plurality of layers, the light-emitting layer 7004 isformed by stacking an electron-injecting layer, an electron-transportinglayer, a light-emitting layer, a hole-transporting layer, and ahole-injecting layer in this order over the cathode 7003. It is notnecessary to form all of these layers. The anode 7005 is formed using alight-transmitting conductive film such as a film of indium oxideincluding tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide including tungsten oxide,indium oxide including titanium oxide, indium tin oxide includingtitanium oxide, indium tin oxide (hereinafter, referred to as ITO),indium zinc oxide, or indium tin oxide to which silicon oxide is added.

The light-emitting element 7002 corresponds to a region where thecathode 7003 and the anode 7005 sandwich the light-emitting layer 7004.In the case of the pixel illustrated in FIG. 20A, light is emitted fromthe light-emitting element 7002 to the anode 7005 side as indicated bythe arrow of FIG. 20A.

Next, a light-emitting element having the bottom-emission structure isdescribed with reference to FIG. 20B. FIG. 20B is a cross-sectional viewof a pixel in the case where a driving TFT 7011 is n-channel, and lightis emitted from a light-emitting element 7012 to the cathode 7013 side.In FIG. 20B, the cathode 7013 of the light-emitting element 7012 isformed over a light-transmitting conductive film 7017 which iselectrically connected to the driving TFT 7011, and a light-emittinglayer 7014 and an anode 7015 are stacked in this order over the cathode7013. A light-blocking film 7016 for reflecting or blocking light may beformed so as to cover the anode 7015 when the anode 7015 has alight-transmitting property. For the cathode 7013, a variety ofmaterials can be used as in the case of FIG. 20A as long as the cathode7013 is a conductive film having a low work function. Note that thecathode 7013 is formed to have a thickness that can transmit light(preferably, approximately from 5 nm to 30 nm). For example, an aluminumfilm with a thickness of 20 nm can be used as the cathode 7013. Thelight-emitting layer 7014 may be formed of a single layer or by stackinga plurality of layers as in the case of FIG. 20A. The anode 7015 is notrequired to transmit light, but can be formed using a light-transmittingconductive material as in the case of FIG. 20A. For the light-blockingfilm 7016, metal or the like that reflects light can be used; however,it is not limited to a metal film. For example, a resin or the like towhich black pigment is added can be used.

The light-emitting element 7012 corresponds to a region where thecathode 7013 and the anode 7015 sandwich the light-emitting layer 7014.In the case of the pixel illustrated in FIG. 20B, light is emitted fromthe light-emitting element 7012 to the cathode 7013 side as indicated bythe arrow of FIG. 20B.

Next, a light-emitting element having a dual-emission structure isdescribed with reference to FIG. 20C. In FIG. 20C, a cathode 7023 of alight-emitting element 7022 is formed over a light-transmittingconductive film 7027 which is electrically connected to the driving TFT7021, and a light-emitting layer 7024 and an anode 7025 are stacked inthis order over the cathode 7023. As in the case of FIG. 20A, thecathode 7023 can be formed of any of a variety of conductive materialsas long as it is conductive and has low work function. Note that thecathode 7023 is formed to have such a thickness that can transmit light.For example, an Al film having a thickness of 20 nm can be used as thecathode 7023. The light-emitting layer 7024 may be formed using a singlelayer or by stacking a plurality of layers as in the case of FIG. 20A.In a manner similar to FIG. 20A, the anode 7025 can be formed using alight-transmitting conductive material.

The light-emitting element 7022 corresponds to a region where thecathode 7023, the light-emitting layer 7024, and the anode 7025 overlapwith each other. In the pixel illustrated in FIG. 20C, light is emittedfrom the light-emitting element 7022 to both the anode 7025 side and thecathode 7023 side as indicated by the arrows FIG. 20C.

Although an organic EL element is described here as a light-emittingelement, an inorganic EL element can be alternatively provided as alight-emitting element.

Note that Embodiment 7 describes the example in which a thin filmtransistor (driving TFT) which controls the driving of a light-emittingelement is electrically connected to the light-emitting element, but astructure may be employed in which a current control TFT is connectedbetween the driving TFT and the light-emitting element.

The semiconductor device described in Embodiment 7 is not limited to thestructures illustrated in FIGS. 20A to 20C, and can be modified invarious ways based on the spirit of techniques according to the presentinvention.

Next, the appearance and cross section of a light-emitting display panel(also referred to as a light-emitting panel) which corresponds to onemode of a semiconductor device according to the present invention willbe described with reference to FIGS. 21A and 21B. FIG. 21A is a top viewof a panel in which a light-emitting element and a thin film transistorhaving high electrical characteristics, in which an oxide semiconductorincluding In, Ga and Zn is used for its semiconductor layer and itssource and drain regions, formed together with a non-linear element by amethod similar to the method for manufacturing a non-linear elementaccording to one embodiment of the present invention are sealed betweenthe first substrate and a second substrate with a sealing material, andFIG. 21B is a cross-sectional view along H-I of FIG. 21A.

A sealing material 4505 is provided so as to surround a pixel portion4502, signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b, and scan linedriver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b, which are provided over a firstsubstrate 4501. In addition, a second substrate 4506 is formed over thepixel portion 4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b,and the scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b. Accordingly, thepixel portion 4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b,and the scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b are sealed, togetherwith filler 4507, with the first substrate 4501, the sealing material4505, and the second substrate 4506. In this manner, packaging (sealing)using a protective film (such as an attachment film or an ultravioletcurable resin film) or a cover material with high air-tightness andlittle degasification is preferably conducted so that the pixel portion4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b, and the scanline driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b are not exposed to external air.

The pixel portion 4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503b, and the scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b formed over thefirst substrate 4501 each include a plurality of thin film transistors,and the thin film transistor 4510 included in the pixel portion 4502 andthe thin film transistor 4509 included in the signal line driver circuit4503 a are illustrated as an example in FIG. 21B.

Each of the thin film transistors 4509 and 4510 has high electricalcharacteristics, in which an oxide semiconductor including In, Ga and Znis used for its semiconductor layer and its source and drain regions,and can be manufactured together with a non-linear element in a mannersimilar to the method for manufacturing the non-linear element describedin Embodiment 2. In this embodiment, the thin film transistors 4509 and4510 are n-channel thin film transistors.

Moreover, reference numeral 4511 denotes a light-emitting element. Afirst electrode layer 4517 which is a pixel electrode included in thelight-emitting element 4511 is electrically connected to source anddrain electrode layers of the thin film transistor 4510. Note thatalthough the light-emitting element 4511 has a stacked structure of thefirst electrode layer 4517, an electroluminescent layer 4512, and asecond electrode layer 4513, the structure of the light-emitting element4511 is not limited to the structure described in Embodiment 7. Thestructure of the light-emitting element 4511 can be changed asappropriate depending on a direction in which light is extracted fromthe light-emitting element 4511, or the like.

A partition 4520 is formed using an organic resin film, an inorganicinsulating film, or organic polysiloxane. Particularly preferably, thepartition 4520 is formed using a photosensitive material and an openingbe formed over the first electrode layer 4517 so that a sidewall of theopening is formed as an inclined surface with continuous curvature.

The electroluminescent layer 4512 may be formed using a single layer ora plurality of layers stacked.

In order to prevent entry of oxygen, hydrogen, moisture, carbon dioxide,or the like into the light-emitting element 4511, a protective film maybe formed over the second electrode layer 4513 and the partition 4520.As the protective film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon nitride oxidefilm, a DLC (diamond like carbon) film, or the like can be formed.

In addition, a variety of signals and potentials are supplied from FPCs4518 a and 4518 b to the signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b,the scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b, or the pixel portion4502.

In Embodiment 7, a connecting terminal electrode 4515 is formed usingthe same conductive film as the first electrode layer 4517 included inthe light-emitting element 4511. A terminal electrode 4516 is formedusing the same conductive film as the source and drain electrode layersincluded in the thin film transistors 4509 and 4510.

The connecting terminal electrode 4515 is electrically connected to aterminal included in the FPC 4518 a through an anisotropic conductivefilm 4519.

The second substrate 4506 located in the direction in which light isextracted from the light-emitting element 4511 should have alight-transmitting property. In that case, a light-transmitting materialsuch as a glass plate, a plastic plate, a polyester film, or an acrylicfilm is used.

As the filler 4507, an ultraviolet curable resin or a thermosettingresin as well as inert gas such as nitrogen or argon can be used. Forexample, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylic, polyimide, an epoxy resin, asilicone resin, polyvinyl butyral (PVB), or ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)can be used. In Embodiment 7, nitrogen is used for the filler 4507.

In addition, if needed, optical films such as a polarizing plate, acircularly polarizing plate (including an elliptically polarizingplate), a retarder plate (a quarter-wave plate, a half-wave plate), anda color filter may be provided on an emission surface of thelight-emitting element, as appropriate. Further, the polarizing plate orthe circularly polarizing plate may be provided with an anti-reflectionfilm. For example, anti-glare treatment can be performed by whichreflected light is diffused in the depression/projection of the surfaceand glare can be reduced.

As the signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b and the scan linedriver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b, driver circuits formed by using asingle crystal semiconductor film or polycrystalline semiconductor filmover a substrate separately prepared may be mounted. In addition, onlythe signal line driver circuit or only part thereof, or only the scanline driver circuit or only part thereof may be separately formed to bemounted. Embodiment 7 is not limited to the structure illustrated inFIGS. 21A and 21B.

Through the above steps, in the connection structure between the firstoxide semiconductor layer of the non-linear element and the wiringlayers, the provision of the region which is bonded with the secondoxide semiconductor layer, which has higher electrical conductivity thanthe first oxide semiconductor layer, or the provision of the regionmodified by the plasma treatment, allows stable operation as comparedwith a case of using only metal wirings. Accordingly, the function ofthe protective circuit is enhanced and the operation can be made stable.Further, it is possible to manufacture a highly-reliable light-emittingdisplay device (display panel) having stable operation, by including aprotective circuit including a non-linear element in which defects dueto the peeling of the thin films are not easily caused.

Embodiment 7 can be implemented in combination with any structure of theother embodiments as appropriate.

Embodiment 8

A display device according to one embodiment of the present inventioncan be applied as electronic paper. Electronic paper can be used forelectronic devices of every field for displaying information. Forexample, electronic paper can be used for electronic book (e-book),posters, advertisement in vehicles such as trains, display in a varietyof cards such as credit cards, and so on. Examples of such electronicdevices are illustrated in FIGS. 22A and 22B and FIG. 23.

FIG. 22A illustrates a poster 2631 formed using electronic paper. If theadvertizing medium is printed paper, the advertisement is replaced bymanpower; however, when electronic paper according to one embodiment ofthe present invention is used, the advertisement display can be changedin a short time. Moreover, a stable image can be obtained withoutdisplay deterioration. Further, the poster may send and receiveinformation wirelessly.

FIG. 22B illustrates an advertisement 2632 in a vehicle such as a train.If the advertizing medium is printed paper, the advertisement isreplaced by manpower; however, when electronic paper according to oneembodiment of the present invention is used, the advertisement displaycan be changed in a short time without much manpower. Moreover, a stableimage can be obtained without display deterioration. Further, theadvertisement in vehicles may send and receive information wirelessly.

FIG. 23 illustrates an example of an electronic book device 2700. Forexample, the electronic book device 2700 includes two housings 2701 and2703. The housings 2701 and 2703 are unified with each other by an axisportion 2711, along which the electronic book device 2700 is opened andclosed. With such a structure, operation like a paper book is achieved.

A display portion 2705 is incorporated in the housing 2701 and a displayportion 2707 is incorporated in the housing 2703. The display portion2705 and the display portion 2707 may display one image, or may displaydifferent images. In the structure where the display portions displaydifferent images from each other, for example, the right display portion(the display portion 2705 in FIG. 23) can display text and the leftdisplay portion (the display portion 2707 in FIG. 23) can displayimages.

FIG. 23 illustrates an example in which the housing 2701 is providedwith an operation portion and the like. For example, the housing 2701 isprovided with a power supply 2721, an operation key 2723, a speaker2725, and the like. The page can be turned with the operation key 2723.Note that a keyboard, a pointing device, and the like may be provided onthe same plane as the display portion of the housing. Further, a rearsurface or a side surface of the housing may be provided with anexternal connection terminal (an earphone terminal, a USB terminal, aterminal which can be connected with a variety of cables such as an ACadopter or a USB cable, and the like), a storage medium insertingportion, or the like. Moreover, the electronic book device 2700 may havea function of an electronic dictionary.

Further, the electronic book device 2700 may send and receiveinformation wirelessly. Desired book data or the like can be purchasedand downloaded from an electronic book server wirelessly.

In the connection structure between the first oxide semiconductor layerof the non-linear element and the wiring layers, the provision of theregion which is bonded with the second oxide semiconductor layer, whichhas higher electrical conductivity than the first oxide semiconductorlayer, or the provision of the region modified by the plasma treatment,allows stable operation as compared with a case of using only metalwirings. Accordingly, the function of the protective circuit is enhancedand the operation can be made stable. Further, it is possible tomanufacture a highly-reliable electronic paper device having stableoperation, by including a protective circuit including a non-linearelement in which defects due to the peeling of the thin films are noteasily caused.

Embodiment 8 can be implemented in combination with any structure of theother embodiments as appropriate.

Embodiment 9

A semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the presentinvention can be applied to a variety of electronic devices (includinggame machines). As the electronic devices, for example, there are atelevision set (also called TV or a television receiver), a monitor fora computer or the like, a camera such as a digital camera, a digitalvideo camera, a digital photo frame, a mobile phone (also called amobile phone or a portable telephone device), a portable game machine, aportable information terminal, an audio playback device, and a largegame machine such as a pachinko machine.

FIG. 24A illustrates an example of a television set 9600. A displayportion 9603 is incorporated in a housing 9601 of the television set9600. The display portion 9603 can display images. Here, the housing9601 is supported on a stand 9605.

The television set 9600 can be operated by an operation switch of thehousing 9601 or a separate remote controller 9610. The channel andvolume can be controlled with operation keys 9609 of the remotecontroller 9610 and the images displayed in the display portion 9603 canbe controlled. Moreover, the remote controller 9610 may have a displayportion 9607 in which the information outgoing from the remotecontroller 9610 is displayed.

Note that the television set 9600 is provided with a receiver, a modem,and the like. With the use of the receiver, general televisionbroadcasting can be received. Moreover, when the display device isconnected to a communication network with or without wires via themodem, one-way (from a sender to a receiver) or two-way (between asender and a receiver or between receivers) information communicationcan be performed.

FIG. 24B illustrates an example of a digital photo frame 9700. Forexample, a display portion 9703 is incorporated in a housing 9701 of thedigital photo frame 9700. The display portion 9703 can display a varietyof images, for example, displays image data taken with a digital cameralor the like, so that the digital photo frame can function in a mannersimilar to a general picture frame.

Note that the digital photo frame 9700 is provided with an operationportion, an external connection terminal (such as a USB terminal or aterminal which can be connected to a variety of cables including a USBcable), a storage medium inserting portion, and the like. Thesestructures may be incorporated on the same plane as the display portion;however, they are preferably provided on the side surface or rearsurface of the display portion because the design is improved. Forexample, a memory storing data of an image shot by a digital camera isinserted in the recording medium insertion portion of the digital photoframe, whereby the image data can be transferred into the digital photoframe 9700 and displayed on the display portion 9703.

The digital photo frame 9700 may transmit and receive data wirelessly.The structure may be employed in which desired image data is transferredinto the digital photo frame 9700 wirelessly to be displayed.

FIG. 25A illustrates a portable game machine including a housing 9881and a housing 9891 which are jointed with a connector 9893 so as to beable to open and close. A display portion 9882 and a display portion9883 are incorporated in the housing 9881 and the housing 9891,respectively. The portable game machine illustrated in FIG. 25Aadditionally includes a speaker portion 9884, a storage medium insertingportion 9886, an LED lamp 9890, an input means (operation keys 9885, aconnection terminal 9887, a sensor 9888 (including a function ofmeasuring force, displacement, position, speed, acceleration, angularspeed, the number of rotations, distance, light, liquid, magnetism,temperature, chemical substance, sound, time, hardness, electric field,current, voltage, electric power, radiation, flow rate, humidity, tiltangle, vibration, smell, or infrared ray), a microphone 9889, and thelike). Needless to say, the structure of the portable game machine isnot limited to the above, and may be any structure as long as asemiconductor device according to one embodiment of the presentinvention is provided. Moreover, another accessory may be provided asappropriate. The portable game machine illustrated in FIG. 25A has afunction of reading out a program or data stored in a storage medium todisplay it on the display portion, and a function of sharing informationwith another portable game machine by wireless communication. Theportable game machine in FIG. 25A can have a variety of functions otherthan those above.

FIG. 25B illustrates an example of a slot machine 9900, which is a largegame machine. A display portion 9903 is incorporated in a housing 9901of the slot machine 9900. The slot machine 9900 additionally includes anoperation means such as a start lever or a stop switch, a coin slot, aspeaker, and the like. Needless to say, the structure of the slotmachine 9900 is not limited to the above, and may be any structure aslong as at least a semiconductor device according to one embodiment ofthe present invention is provided. Moreover, another accessory may beprovided as appropriate.

FIG. 26 illustrates an example of a mobile phone 1000. The mobile phone1000 includes a housing 1001 in which a display portion 1002 isincorporated, and moreover includes an operation button 1003, anexternal connection port 1004, a speaker 1005, a microphone 1006, andthe like.

Information can be input to the mobile phone 1000 illustrated in FIG. 26by touching the display portion 1002 with a finger or the like.Moreover, making a call or text messaging can be performed by touchingthe display portion 1002 with a finger or the like.

There are mainly three screen modes of the display portion 1002. Thefirst mode is a display mode mainly for displaying an image. The secondmode is an input mode mainly for inputting information such as text. Thethird mode is a display-and-input mode in which two modes of the displaymode and the input mode are mixed.

For example, in the case of making a call or text messaging, the displayportion 1002 is set to a text input mode where text input is mainlyperformed, and text input operation can be performed on a screen. Inthis case, it is preferable to display a keyboard or number buttons onalmost the entire screen of the display portion 1002.

When a detection device including a sensor for detecting inclination,such as a gyroscope or an acceleration sensor, is provided inside themobile phone 1000, display in the screen of the display portion 1002 canbe automatically switched by judging the direction of the mobile phone1000 (whether the mobile phone 1000 is placed horizontally or verticallyfor a landscape mode or a portrait mode).

Further, the screen modes are switched by touching the display portion1002 or operating the operation button 1003 of the housing 1001.Alternatively, the screen modes can be switched depending on kinds ofimages displayed in the display portion 1002. For example, when a signalfor an image displayed in the display portion is data of moving images,the screen mode is switched to the display mode. When the signal is textdata, the screen mode is switched to the input mode.

Moreover, in the input mode, when input by touching the display portion1002 is not performed within a specified period while a signal detectedby an optical sensor in the display portion 1002 is detected, the screenmode may be controlled so as to be switched from the input mode to thedisplay mode.

The display portion 1002 can also function as an image sensor. Forexample, an image of a palm print, a fingerprint, or the like is takenby touching the display portion 1002 with the palm or the finger,whereby personal authentication can be performed. Moreover, when abacklight which emits near-infrared light or a sensing light sourcewhich emits near-infrared light is provided in the display portion, animage or data of a finger vein, a palm vein, or the like can be taken.

In the connection structure between the first oxide semiconductor layerof the non-linear element and the wiring layers, the provision of theregion which is bonded with the second oxide semiconductor layer, whichhas higher electrical conductivity than the first oxide semiconductorlayer, or the provision of the region modified by the plasma treatment,allows stable operation as compared with a case of using only metalwirings. Accordingly, the function of the protective circuit is enhancedand the operation can be made stable. Further, it is possible tomanufacture a highly-reliable electronic device having stable operation,by including a protective circuit including a non-linear element inwhich defects due to the peeling of the thin films are not easilycaused.

Embodiment 9 can be implemented in combination with any structure of theother embodiments as appropriate.

This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial no.2008-241645 filed with Japan Patent Office on Sep. 19, 2008, the entirecontents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

What is claimed is:
 1. A display device comprising: a pixel portioncomprising a pixel thin film transistor and a pixel electrode over asubstrate, the pixel electrode being over and electrically connected toa source electrode or a drain electrode of the pixel thin filmtransistor; a common wiring; a protective circuit comprising a firstthin film transistor and a second thin film transistor over thesubstrate; and a terminal portion connected to a flexible printedcircuit, the terminal portion being at a periphery of the substratewhich is outside the protective circuit and the pixel portion, whereinthe first thin film transistor includes: a first gate electrodeconnected to the pixel portion; a first gate insulating layer over thefirst gate electrode; a first oxide semiconductor layer over the firstgate electrode with the first gate insulating layer interposedtherebetween; a first conductive layer in direct contact with the firstoxide semiconductor layer and connected to the pixel portion, the firstconductive layer including one of a source electrode and a drainelectrode of the first thin film transistor; a second conductive layerin direct contact with the first oxide semiconductor layer and connectedto the common wiring, the second conductive layer including the other ofthe source electrode and the drain electrode of the first thin filmtransistor; and an oxide insulating film in contact with an uppersurface of the first oxide semiconductor layer in a region between thesource electrode and the drain electrode of the first thin filmtransistor, wherein the second thin film transistor includes: a secondgate electrode connected to the common wiring; a second gate insulatinglayer over the second gate electrode; a second oxide semiconductor layerover the second gate electrode with the second gate insulating layerinterposed therebetween; a third conductive layer in direct contact withthe second oxide semiconductor layer and connected to the pixel portion;and a fourth conductive layer in direct contact with the second oxidesemiconductor layer and connected to the common wiring, wherein theterminal portion includes: a fifth conductive layer formed by processingthe same conductive layer as the first to fourth conductive layers; anda sixth conductive layer formed by processing the same conductive layeras the pixel electrode, and wherein the sixth conductive layer is overand in contact with an upper surface of the fifth conductive layer. 2.The display device according to claim 1, wherein the first oxidesemiconductor layer and the second oxide semiconductor layer includeindium, gallium, and zinc.
 3. The display device according to claim 1,wherein the first gate electrode, the first conductive layer, and thethird conductive layer are connected to the pixel portion through a scanline.
 4. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the first gateelectrode, the first conductive layer, and the third conductive layerare connected to the pixel portion through a signal line.
 5. The displaydevice according to claim 1, wherein the first gate electrode, the firstconductive layer, and the third conductive layer are connected to thepixel portion through a capacitor bus line.
 6. A display devicecomprising: a pixel portion comprising a pixel thin film transistor anda pixel electrode over a substrate, the pixel electrode being over andelectrically connected to a source electrode or a drain electrode of thepixel thin film transistor; a common wiring; a protective circuitcomprising a first thin film transistor and a second thin filmtransistor over the substrate; and a terminal portion connected to aflexible printed circuit, the terminal portion being at a periphery ofthe substrate which is outside the protective circuit and the pixelportion, wherein the first thin film transistor includes: a first gateelectrode connected to the pixel portion; a first gate insulating layerover the first gate electrode; a first oxide semiconductor layer overthe first gate electrode with the first gate insulating layer interposedtherebetween; a first conductive layer in direct contact with the firstoxide semiconductor layer and connected to the pixel portion, the firstconductive layer including one of a source electrode and a drainelectrode of the first thin film transistor; a second conductive layerin direct contact with the first oxide semiconductor layer and connectedto the common wiring, the second conductive layer including the other ofthe source electrode and the drain electrode of the first thin filmtransistor; and an oxide insulating film in contact with an uppersurface of the first oxide semiconductor layer in a region between thesource electrode and the drain electrode of the first thin filmtransistor, wherein the second thin film transistor includes: a secondgate electrode connected to the common wiring; a second gate insulatinglayer over the second gate electrode; a second oxide semiconductor layerover the second gate electrode with the second gate insulating layerinterposed therebetween; a third conductive layer in direct contact withthe second oxide semiconductor layer and connected to the pixel portion;and a fourth conductive layer in direct contact with the second oxidesemiconductor layer and connected to the common wiring, wherein theterminal portion includes: a fifth conductive layer formed by processingthe same conductive layer as the first to fourth conductive layers; anda sixth conductive layer formed by processing the same conductive layeras the pixel electrode, and wherein the sixth conductive layer is overand in contact with an upper surface of the fifth conductive layer withthe oxide insulating film interposed therebetween.
 7. The display deviceaccording to claim 6, wherein the first oxide semiconductor layer andthe second oxide semiconductor layer include indium, gallium, and zinc.8. The display device according to claim 6, wherein the first gateelectrode, the first conductive layer, and the third conductive layerare connected to the pixel portion through a scan line.
 9. The displaydevice according to claim 6, wherein the first gate electrode, the firstconductive layer, and the third conductive layer are connected to thepixel portion through a signal line.
 10. The display device according toclaim 6, wherein the first gate electrode, the first conductive layer,and the third conductive layer are connected to the pixel portionthrough a capacitor bus line.
 11. The display device according to claim1, wherein the fifth conductive layer is on the same plane as the firstto fourth conductive layers, and wherein the sixth conductive layer ison the same plane as the pixel electrode.
 12. The display deviceaccording to claim 6, wherein the fifth conductive layer is on the sameplane as the first to fourth conductive layers, and wherein the sixthconductive layer is on the same plane as the pixel electrode.